Table of Content

07 December 1988, Volume 10 Issue 4

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Brief Report

PREFACE TEN YEARS OF THE《SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY》

Editorial Board, Editorial Office of Seismolgy, Geology

1988, 10(4):  2-4. 

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A FUZZY SYNTHETIC JUDGEMENT MODEL OF ACTIVE FAULT IN DETERMINING POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE SOURCE

Xu Jian-dong, Zhang Yu-ming

1988, 10(4):  5-23. 

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Essential problems of seismic zoning and reexamination of engineering site-intensity are the determination of potential earthquake source and parameters of seismicity. The study on active fault plays an important role in this field. A Fuzzy Synthetic Judgement model is built by using fuzzy set, probability and mathematical statistics in this paper. The characteristics of the FSJ modle are as the follows: 1) put forward preliminary plan to quantitize geological data (especially for active fault data); 2) determine potential earthquake source in different intensity objectively; 3) obtain potential earthquake source with time limited from the second degree fuzzy synthetic judgement; 4) make it possible to compare the seismic risks for potential earthquake sources in same grade in terms of calculating results; 5) reflect uncertainty of result caused from subjective judgement and errors of original data in the result B=(b₁, b₂,b₃, 64); 6) provide useful and objective information for the further seismic risk analysis.For the purpose of doing second fuzzy synthetic judgement in which time factor is involved. Earthquake Reduce Process is selected in the FSJ modle as the action of time factor. Moreover,weighting coefficient for every factor is obtained from the synthetical results of equal weighting coefficient, expert's judgement and quantity of original data.Taking North China as the example for the FSJ modle, the results demonstrate that the FSJ modle is significant of embodying the heterogeneity of seismicity in time and space, and is valuable to determine potential earthquake source objectively and quantitatively.

FIELD CHECK AND ACCEPTENCE OF THE RESULTS OF THE ALTUN ACTIVE FAULT RESEARCH PROJECT

Zheng Jian-dong

1988, 10(4):  24-24. 

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INELASTIC DEFORMATION OF QIANAN QUARTZITE AT CRUSTAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

Wang Zi-chao, Wang Sheng-zu

1988, 10(4):  25-34. 

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This paper describes the features of ineelastic deformation of Qianan quartzite, especially the formation process and the variation with increasing temperature and pressure.The study shows that increasing temperature and pressure is most favorable to the-transition of quartz from elastic to plastic component, which will greatly change the macrodeformation features. Once the transition of quartz reaches a certain amount, it will decrease the strength of quartzite and give rise to the instability.In order to explain the results of experiment, a series of empirical equations have been established for the P, T dependences of inelastic deformation and plastic component, for the relationship between plastic component and inelastic deformation, as well; as for the relation between the plastic component and the factor of released elastic energy.

A COMPARISON BETWEEN XIANSHUIHE FAULT ZONE AND NORTHWEST YUNNAN PROVINCE IN SEISMOGENIC CONDITION

Ma Jin

1988, 10(4):  35-43. 

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The seismogenic condition of northwest Yunan Province has been analysed and compared with that of Xianshuihe fault zone:1. Xianshuihe fault zone is a shear zone during the movement of Chuan Dian rhombic block, suffering from greater normal stress σ_n. whlie northwest Yunan is an extensional shear area subjected to smaller normal stress σ_n.2. The joint action of tectonic driving force and the gravitative creeping force caused intensive deformation with higher strain rate along Xianshuihe fault, while the counteraction led up to a medium deformation with lower strain rate in northwest Yunan3. Depth of Xianshuihe fault downs to 15-30 km and paracyclic stick slip events occurred along the brittle preexisting fault. Depth of faults in northwest Ynuan downs to 20 km on the margin and 5-10 km within the area. The events occurred during extension of the area.4. Xianshuihe fault zone is of simple fault geometry, D_f = 1.08-1.2. Northwest Yunan is a complex extensional shear system, D_f = 1.56.5. Physical environment in hypocenter depth of Xianshuihe fault is high confining pressure and medium temperature, while that of northwest Yunan is low confining pressure and medium temperature.

THE COMPILATION AND STUDY OF THE GEOSCIENCE IN EASTERN CHINA

1988, 10(4):  44-44. 

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A REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON NORTHERN SEGMENT (BAOTOU TO MONDULA) OF THE GEOSCIENCE TRANSECT FROM XIANGSHUI,JIANGSU, TO MANDULA, NEI MONGGOL

Ma Xing-yuan, Wang Ji, Li Shuangqing, Liu De-jian Bai Yun-hong, Zhou Chun-ping, Huang Guo-hua

1988, 10(4):  45-50. 

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Geological and structural features from Archaean to neotectonics along the Geosci-ence Transect corridor from Baotou to Mandula have been accounted. Particular attention has been paid to the middle Proterozoic Chartai aulacogen and Bayan Obo geocline. Both of them were folded during the Seerteng movement about 1400 Ma ago and became the latest consolidated part of the North China platform basement. The Caledonian and Variscan fold belts of the northern marginal tracts have also been discussed

TECTONIC BACKGROUND AND CAUSATIVE FAULT OF 1966 XINGTAI Ms7.2 EARTHQUAKE

Xu Jie, Fang Zhong-jing, Yang Li-hua

1988, 10(4):  51-59. 

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Based on the recent data from petroleum geological prospecting and the reexplana-tion of the relevant segment of deep seismic sounding profile from Yuanshi county, He-bei Province to Jinan, Shandong Province, the tectonic background and causative fault of Xingdai MS7.2 earthquake have been analysed in this paper. The results have shown that the epicentre of MS7.2 earthquake was located at the eastern margin of southern sub-depression within Shulu fault basin. The sub-depression developed in a fault block which was formed from the cover of platform cut and bound by four listric faults. There are two high angle faults beneath the fault block. By contrast with previous opinion, the authors propose that there is no simple corelation between seismicity, major fault and fault-controlled depression. The causative fault of MS7.2 earthquake was neither the gentle-dipping Xinghe listric fault, nor the high angle F3 fault, and the deep-seated eastern fault, but was the combination of the three faults. The high angle fault was the main part of the causative fault.

GEOMETRIC BARRIER OF FAULTS AND RUPTURING PROCESS OF EARTHQUAKES: EXAMPLE FROM JIANCHUAN-ERYUAN EXTENSIONAL ZONE

Wu Da-ning, Han Zhu-jun

1988, 10(4):  60-68. 

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The neotectonics and seismicity in Jianchuan-Eryuuan area, northwestern Yunnan exhibit a model of the geometric barriers of the faults relative to the earthquake rupturings.Field investigations have revealed that the modern Jianchan-Eryuan extensional zone is made up of two longitudinal zigzag rupture belts which experienced two important stages of development in the past: pulling-apart within the overlapping area of NE-trending strike-slip faults in early Quaternary, and zigzag extension in late QuaternaryEarthquake data from 1982 to 1986 show that five earthquake events occurred along the extensional belts corresponding with the trend of the zigzag ruptures. First event happened in July, 1982 at the northern end of the zone, and then the following seismic swarms occurred one by one towards the south, each of which was located at the geometric barrier of the faults constructed by the intersections of faults with different behaviors.In order to describe the mechanism of the seismicity like this, we adopt the concept of barrier proposed by Aki (1979), King and Yielding (1984), and set a numerical model to calculate the change of stresses along the zigzag rupture. The results reveal that the. maximum shear stress and the displacement of the faults usually focus on the geometric barriers, which were formed by the intersections of faults with different behaviors or trends and broken most easilly. When the stress on a barrier is released, a mu-tuation of stress at next barrier must be induced and so it will be broken following the first in a short time which will cause the third barrier fractured after that, and so on. Thus, the earthquake events appear along the zone one by one untill the induced strain energy can not produce a new rupture.By comparision, the seismicity of extensional zones in other places of China is similar to that of Jianchuan-Eryuan zone. We can conclude that the migration and magnitude of earthquakes in modern structures are not random but depend on the geometry of the structures.

DUCTILE SHEAR ZONES AND THEIR DEFORMED ROCKS

He Yong-nian, Shi Lan-bin, Lin Chuan-yong

1988, 10(4):  69-76. 

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This paper deals with the ductile shear zones and their deformed rocks in the crust and upper mantle. In most cases, the deformed rocks within ductile shear zones are my-lonites, because rock grain size obviously reduced and strengthening foliation (lineation) developed. In some cases, however, when aphanitic limestone or feldspar-rich rocks undergo ductile shearing, the deformed rocks within shear zones show local increase of rock grain size or no remarkable grain size reduction. They are not typica Imylonites. It is evident that the deformation products of rocks within the shear zones are differernt due to different deformation condition, deformation medium and deformation mechanism.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE NORTHERN BOUNDARY FAULT BELT OF WEIHE BASIN

Xu Yujian, Shen-tu Bing-ming, Wang Yi-peng

1988, 10(4):  77-88. 

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Based mainly on geological and geomorphological data collected from the northern boundary fault belt of Weihe Basin, combined with seismic and geophysic evidences found in recent years, the activity and faulting episode of the northern boundary fault belt,the displacements and slip rates of the main faults, as well as the characteristics of spatial and temporal evolution of the fault belt and its mechanics are discussed in this article. The main conclusions are as follows:1. The northern boundary fault belt has experienced eight episodes of faulting since Eocene. The main fault in the belt have an average slip rate ranging from 0.1 to 1.0mm/yr, with the eastern segment of the belt being more active than the western one since Pleiocene.2. The formation of the fault belt is the result of faulting spreading from the center of the basin to the north, but the spreading direction had a change in Pleiocene. The direction of spreading of the east segment changed from N to NW, while the west segment had only a slight change. This difference as well as the difference in fault activity between the east and west segments has a close relation to the influence of Shan-xi shear zone to the Weihe graben.

THE APPLICATION OF PATTERN RECOGNITION METHOD TO ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY

Ye Hong, Dou Yi-qiang

1988, 10(4):  89-97. 

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In this paper, we discuss the application of pattern recognition method to the engineering seismology. First, the principle of pattern recognition and the advantage of its application to the engineering seismology have been briefly introduced. Then as a presentation of our current research interests we provide three types of investigation results in regard to the determination of potential seismic sources, the evaluation of the potential of soil liquefaction suffered from seismic loading and the method of c-tuple fuzzy decision classification and its appliction to the evaluating the potential of recognized potential seismic sources. The improvement of pattern recognition method has been discussed as well.

ANALYSIS ON THE 1976 TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE PROCESS

Song Hui-zhen, Yuan Yan-guang, Huang Li-ren, Hua xiang-wen

1988, 10(4):  98-108. 

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A discrete crack model for the strain accumulation of the Tangshan rhombic block, as well as slip and stable extension of the earthquake fault prior to and during the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, is presented. It includes two processes: frictional slip along the crack surface and stable extension of the crack tips. The Finite Element Technique is used to calculate stress and deformation along the crack surface and stress intensity factors at the crack tips, and the Mohr-Coulomb principle is applied to judge the existence of frictional slip along the crack surfaces, while the extension direction of the crack is determined by using the maximum circumferential tensile stress criterion. The similarity between the data predicted by the model and those obtained from field observation indicates that the crack model has successfully simulated the process of strain accumulation and fracture propagation prior to and during the Tangshan earthquake.

USE OF SANDSTONE WEATHERINC-RIND THICKNESS FOR LATE PLEISTOCENE DATING IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE

Cheng Shao-ping, Chen Guo-guang

1988, 10(4):  109-117. 

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The thickness of weathering rind on sandstone gravels from river terrace and alluvial fan deposits in Guangdong area increases with time. The growth curve of weathering thickness has been determined by using age control from radio carbon, thermolumi-nesecence and ESR techniques, showing the exponential decay of weathering rate. Weathering-rind thickness thus provives a measure of the age of deposits or geomorphic surfaces:T = 1485D^4.13 Where T=age in years, and D = weighted mean thickness in mm of about 50 gravels from the surficial part of deposit.Using this method, the authors have determined the ages of two types of geomorphic surfaces in Guangdong area. The ages of the first and second river terraces are determined as 1 000-13300 yrs, and 8600-26500 yrs., respectively; while those of the first-and second-order alluvial fans along the northern front of Zhaoqing basin as 51500 and 24400 yrs., respectively. Based on these data and geomorphic analysis of tectonic deformation, the rates of vertical faulting for three major NE-trending fault zones in the area can be estimated as 0.6-1.6mm/yr. for the period before mid-Holocene, and much less value for Latest Pleistocene.

THE STUDY AND DATING OF PALEOEARTHQUAKE ALONG HEIHEKOU FAULT IN HEXI CORRIDOR

Ran Yong-kang, Li Zhi-yi, You Hui-chuan, Zhu Xiang-jun

1988, 10(4):  118-126. 

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Based on the geomorphic features of active fault, fault-related deposits and physical property of fault plane materials produced during the earthquake, the paleo-seismicity along the Heihekou fault since late Quaternary has been discussed in this paper. The ages of paleoearthquakes have been determined by using such relative dating techniques ascalcic soil development and geomorphic scarp evolution, with radiometric age control. The results have revealed that four events occurring along Heihekou fault since Quaternary. The first event occurred 25000 yrs. ago, and the others 13000, 10500 and 8500 yrs. ago, respectively. It is clear that the reccurrence intervals were different. This paper provides an emperical relation for the relative dating of paleoearthquakes in arid and semi-arid areas.

OBSERVATION AND STUDY OF GROUNDWATER UNDER HYDROFRACTURING EXPERIMENT IN A DEEP WELL IN BONAN OIL FIELD

Che Yong-tai, Wang Tie-cheng, Yang Guo-jun, Feng Yu-zhong, Fu Zhong-sheng

1988, 10(4):  127-133. 

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The pressure, flow rate and temperature of groundwater at the heads of two deep wells have been observed under hydrofracturing experiment in an oil well. The result shows that the response of groundwater behaviour in the same layer in these observed wells to hydrofracturing process is obvious. The response of flow rate is more significant than that of the pressure. On the basis of these results, the authors suggest the significance of hydrodynamic process in the mechanism of responce of groundwater behaviur to stress-strain of aquifer, the more important role of fluid movement than pressure transmission in the hydrodynamic mechanism, and the more obvious response of flow rate to the same stress-strain process in an aquifer than that of pressure.

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN ACTIVE FAULTS IN WESTERN YUNNAN EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION TEST SITE

Shang-guan Zhi-guan

1988, 10(4):  134-142. 

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The author has studied the distribution of gebthermal water, discharges of the fault gases, isotopic compositions of the hot springs in Western Yunnan earthquake prediction test site. The relationship between the geochemical characteristics of the main active faults with the types, intensity and depth of faulting was discussed. The author suggests that larger dynamo-metamorphic belt has developed at a depth of about 5.4-6.2 km in the northwest of Eryuan County, and it was the result of the intersection of NW-and NE-trending tectonic belts. The hot springs in the area closely relate to this metamorphic belt. They are typical shear-heating type springs, characterized by strive thermo-dynamic-metamorphism. The hot springs along the Red River fault are of deep cycle-heating type ones, containing many components from the mantle.

THE FEATURES OF BOUGUER GRAVITY FIELD AND STRUCTURES OF CRUST-UPPER MANTLE IN THE TRANSITION ZONE ON THE EASTERN BORDER OF QINGHAI-XIZHANG-MONGOLIAN PLATEAU

Yin Xiu-hua, Liu Zhan-po, Wu Ji-xin, Wang Ghun-hua, Liu Tie-sheng

1988, 10(4):  143-150. 

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On the basis of the features of Bouguer gravity field, distribution of crustal thickness and density of upper mantle in the transition zone on the eastern border of Qing-hai-Xizhang-Mongolian Plateau, the authors have discussed the geophysical signatures stemming from the same geodynamic background, the dynamic model of the crust-upper mantle system and the gravity isostatic adjustment in this transision zone.

THE PORTABLE HIGH-FREQUENCY DIGITAL MAGNETOTELLURIC SYSTEM

Deng Qian-hui, Zhang Mu-shen, Zhao Guo-ze, Tang Ji

1988, 10(4):  151-158. 

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The portable high-frequency digital magnetotelluric system uses only two DC 12V rechargeable car batteries for power supply. The advatange and field operation of the system, the function of the major hardware and software, the flow diagram of data processing and the obtained results are briefly described in this paper. This system possesses the following peculiarities:1. The frequency band (256Hz-4096 s.) is wide;2. Lower power consumption. Two DC 12V rechargeable batteries can be used to operate the system continuously for 24 hours;3. The system is light in weight, and is convenient to be used in the field;4. Complete softwares are available for data collection and transmit, calculation of system response, auto-inverse interpretation and comprehensive drawing etc.. These softwares are efficient, flexible and convenient.

THE CHARACTERISTICS AND THE APPLICATIONS OF THE PHASE DATA OF THE MAGNETOTELLURIC IMPEDANCE

Jin Guang-wen

1988, 10(4):  159-168. 

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The properties of the phase data of the magnetotelluric impedance and their implications in the inversion interpretation are summarized and reviewed. It is demonstrated that the briefly described normalization inversion method by using impedance phase data is an improvement to the inversion method in [1]. Examples of the computations with theoretical models and field data as well as the preliminary analysis are presented.

SHALLOW SEISMIC REFRACTION PROSPECTING

Hao Shu-jian, Yu Zhi-shui

1988, 10(4):  169-176. 

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In this paper the distribution features of buried granite in Xihuangdi hot water region of Haicheng, Liaoning Province, are studied by using Hagiwara's method. The results are well consistent with drilling data, indicating that the seismic refraction method is efficient. The authors have concluded that in seismic exploration, the refraction method is of great advantage in ascertaining the thickness of sedimentary cover and mapping the crystalline basement.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOTHERMAL FIELD IN YUNNAN REGION

Wu Qian-fan, Zu Jin-hua, Xie Yi-zhen, Wang Du

1988, 10(4):  177-183. 

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This paper provides 14 values of-geothermal heat flow obtaind from the geothermal measurement of 26 wells. Based on these data the characteristics of the geothermal field in Yunnan region have been described as follows: Either the distribution of geothermal heat flow, or the variation of temperature gradient displays high value in the west of Lancangjiang river, the northern segment of Honghe fault zone, as well as Kunming and Eshan region. Low value occurs to the east of Xiaojiang fault zone in eastern Yunnan, and also in the region between the Xiaojiang and Honghe fault zones, including Chuxiong, Binchuan and Xiangyun. In other words, the geothermal field in Yunnan Province is characterized by high value in the west and low value in the east of the region, showing a tendency of gradual decreasing from the west to the east.The high value of geothermal heat flow in Yunnan region can be attributed to the fact that it lies in the transitional belt between two major siesmic zones in the world. The Yunnan region is similar to island arc in high value of geothermal heat flow and violent Cenozoic tectonic movement. Most of the strong earthquakes occurred along deep large fault zones, which has causative relation with current movement of earth's crust and plate tectonic motion.An analysis has been made on the inhomogeneity, which affects the development and occurrence of earthquake, in different tectonic units from the west to the east of Yunnan region. There are a good correspondence relation between the distribution of geothermal field and those of hot springs and earthquakes.

CRETACEOUS PALEOMAGNETIC RESULTS FROM HONGHE FAULT ZONE AND GEOLOGIC-TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU

Cheng Gou-liang, Bai yun-hong, Li su-ling, Sun yu-hang

1988, 10(4):  184-190. 

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Paleomagnetic results from the both sides of Honghe fault zone have shown that the Yangzi block has been united with the Qiangtang terrane since Cretaceous. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was a tectonic composite consisting of four terranes named Kunlun, Qiangtang, Lhase and Himalayans from north to south. These terranes were the component parts of Laurasian, Cathaysia and Gondwana, respectively, in Late Paleozoic, having different history of development. The collision and matching of the Lhase terrane with the Qiangtang terrane have caused the formation of the tectonic framework of Eurasian plate. On the other hand, the collision and matching of himalayan terrane and Indian plate have given rise to the uplifting of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which caused sinistral strike-slip movement of the blocks of Eurasian plate along the pre-existing faults. This process continued till now.

GEOCHRONOLOGICAL IMPLICATION OF K-Ar, FT AND TL SYSTEMS OF FAULT GOUGE FROM YI-SHU FAULT ZONE

Chen Wen-ji, Ji Feng-ju, Li Qi, Li Da-ming, Wang Qing-long, Wang Xin

1988, 10(4):  191-198. 

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The ages of 1Md illite (<1μ size fraction), quartz(2-10μ size fraction), and apatite in fault gouge from Yi-Shu fault zone were determined by K-Ar, TL and FT techniques, separately. Three distinct episodes of fauting as represented by the gradual decrease of temperature-sensitivity of TL, FT and K-Ar systems have been recognized. The K-Ar ages(90-110Ma) are obtained from seven IMd illites considered to represent the best approximation of the earliest strong activity of the fault zone as the same as geological evidence. They can be further divided into two stages, i. e. 110Ma for the eastern Fault(F₁), and 90-95 Ma for the western Fault (F₂, F₂ and F₄). The FT ages (30-56Ma) of four apatite samples probably represent the second episode of strong activity of the fault zone, while the TL ages (40-50Ka) of five quartz samples may represent the latest episode.It is suggested that the K-Ar, FT and TL separate dating of 1Md illite, apatite and quartz from fault gouge can be used to reveal the development history of faulting, including time and intensity.

APPLICATION OF FISSION TRACK METHOD TO TIMING OF FAULTING

Wang Qing-long, Wan Jing-lin

1988, 10(4):  199-205. 

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Fission track method is a new approach for dating of faulting. The method is based on the annealing effect of fission track in apatite.This paper presents the fission track data of 12 apatite and 1 sphene samples collected from Tanlu fault zone and other areas. The results indicate that the annealing effect of fission track is very significant within the fault zone and decreases with increasing distance from the fault zone. Taking the features of the fault zone and the ages of the host rocks into consideration, the authors have discussed the interpretation of fission track ages and the aspect of further study.

THE PALEOEARTHQUAKE TRACES ON HUASHAN FRONT FAULT ZONE IN WEIHE BASIN AND ITS EARTHQUAKE INTERVALS

1988, 10(4):  206-206. 

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APPLICABILITY OF THERMOLUMINESCENT TECHNIQUE TO DATING OF FAULTING

Ji Feng-ju, Gao Ping

1988, 10(4):  207-213. 

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Based on thermoluminescent age data accumulated for several years and the results of experiments at different P, T condition simulating faulting process, this paper states that the frictional heating caused by faulting may lead to the "annealing" of original ther-moluminescence of some minerals on the fault plane or even within the fault zone. The applicability of TL technique to dating episodes of faulting has been discussed as well.