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Table of Content

    04 September 2001, Volume 23 Issue 3
    Brief Report
    ANALYSIS OF RECENT HORIZONTAL CRUSTAL STRAIN FIELD AND TECTONIC DEFORMATION IN THE NORTHEAST MARGIN OF QINGHAI-TIBET BLOCK
    Jiang Zaisen, Ma Zongjin, Zhang Xi, Chen Bing, Hu Yaxuan, Wang Shuangxu, Chen Wensheng
    2001, 23(3):  337-346. 
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    In order to monitor and research crustal movement and deformation in northeast margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their relationship with strong earthquake activity, a reexamination of GPS (C) Net in Hexi region was carried out in 1999. Basing on horizontal displacement velocity field obtained from GPS (C) Net in 1993 and 1999, this paper provides the spatial distribution map of strain field in northeast margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and presents the results of preliminary study of the strain field and tectonic deformation of this region. By using Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA) method, the tectonic stress field background of crustal movement and deformation in this region is discussed in this paper as well. The main results are as follows: (1) The strain field in this region is dominated mainly by nearly NE-trending principal compressive strain, accompanied with NW-trending principal tensile strain. The amplitude of the later, however, is generally much smaller than that of the former. The strongest compressive strain occurs in Wuwei block, which is located in the eastern section of the Hexi corridor; (2) The shear strain produced by the strain field of this region is dominated by nearly EW-trending sinistral shear, indicating that the NWW-trending major fault on the northeast border of the Qinghai-Tibet block is dominated by sinistral strike-slipping, accompanied with compressive movement. The areas of high shear strain value are mainly distributed at Qilian-Wuwei region, which is located on the northeast boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; (3) The rate of the bulk sinistral twisting between Ganqing block and Alashan block is about 6mm/a. Nearly EW-trending tensile strain is predominant in entire Alashan block (5.6?10-9?0.4?10-9), but it is weaker in Ganqing block (3.0?10-9 ?2.0?10-9); (4) Based on numerical simulation by using discontinous deformation analysis method (DDA), and the analysis of horizontal movement background in China continent and adjacent areas, it is suggested that the distribution features of relative horizontal movement and tectonic deformation in this region are not only the result of compressive stress field produced by the squeezing of the Indian Plate, but also related to the eastward action of the dynamic force from the west, which is stronger in the south and becomes weaker in the north. This dynamic force may be produced under larger spatial background. The pushing by Indian Plate from the south produces mainly the compressive stress field, which controls the crustal movement and strain distribution in this region; while the inhomogeneous pushing from the west may be closely related to the sinistral strike-slip motion of the NWW-trending major boundary faults of the blocks in this region.
    GRADIENT OF VERTICAL DEFORMATION RATES AND SEISMICITY IN CHINA'S CONTINENT
    Guo Liangqian, Bo Wanju, Yang Guohua
    2001, 23(3):  347-356. 
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    In this paper we illustrate the gradient of vertical deformation rates, seismotectonics and seismicity in Chinas continent, as well as their relationship. Basing on the map of vertical deformation rate of Chinas continent (1951~1990), we have derived the gradients of vertical deformation rates on a GIS platform. We find that the variation of the gradients reflects basically the magnitudes of vertical crustal shear strain and the corresponding crustal shear stress. In the eastern part of Chinas continent, the gradient of vertical deformation rates of North-China Block is obviously higher than those of Northeast China and South China Blocks. In the western part, the gradients are higher in Qinghai-Tibet and Tianshan Blocks, which are the regions of strong current tectonic activities. The NE-trending Chayu-Tonghua high gradient zone obliquely passes through Chinas continent, and the Yinchuan-Wuli high gradient zone on its west side is the region of intense current vertical differential movement. The current strong earthquakes occur mainly along the anomalous zones with high gradient and their surrounding areas. In the period from 1966 to 1976, most of the strong earthquakes occurred along the NE-trending Chayu-Tonghua high gradient zone, such as the Haicheng MS 7.3, Tangshan MS 7.8, and Xingtai MS 7.2 earthquakes in the northeast section of the zone, and the Songpan MS 7.2, Pingwu MS 7.2, Luhuo MS 7.9, and Longling MS 7.3 earthquakes in the southwest section of the zone. The gradient of vertical deformation rates is a mirror of the vertical crustal shear strain. High gradient zone of vertical deformation rates is therefore the zone of high vertical shear strain, forming the active zone of strong earthquakes. In the western part of China, however, the distribution of strong earthquakes is not accordant completely with the high gradient zone. This is partly because that the leveling data for the western part of China is relatively incomplete, which may cause the lost of information about the vertical deformation rates. In addition, strong earthquake may also be developed in the region where horizontal deformation predominates over vertical deformation. In the evaluation of active tectonics, therefore, an overall consideration should be given to both vertical and horizontal crustal deformations. In a word, the analysis of the gradient of vertical crustal deformation rates has great application potential for the assessment of seismic risk areas.
    THE STUDY OF HOLOCENE PALEOEARTHQUAKES ON ZHONGWEI TONGXIN FAULT ZONE
    Min Wei, Zhang Peizhen, Deng Qidong
    2001, 23(3):  357-366. 
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    The Zhongwei-Tongxin fault zone is one of the arcuate active fault zones in northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau. An earthquake of M =7 1/2 occurred on the middle segment of the fault zone in 1709 A.D. The structures of the fault zone are complicated and composed of a series of secondary faults. The fault zone can be divided into three segments according to the differences in the style of movement, strength and time of activity of the secondary faults. The study of the behavior of paleo-seismicity on the fault zone, therefore, is of great significance to better understanding of the segmented rupturing and the assessment of future seismic risk. The western segment of the fault zone is nearly E-W-trending with a total length of about 60km, most of which is covered by wind carried sand. The recent activity of the faults on this segment is displayed most distinctly at Xiaohongshan area. The middle segment trends NWW with a length of 55km. This segment is the most active one among the three segments of the fault zone. A series of streams, terraces, ridges and alluvial fans were sinistrally offset along the fault. The average left lateral-strike slip rate since Holocene is 3.58mm/a. The eastern segment changes from NW-trending to NNW-and S-N-trending, having a length of about 40km. This segment is located in the compressional area of Zhongwei-Tongxin left-lateral strike slip fault zone, where folding deformation is predominant and the fault is activated weakly. Seven trenches were excavated recently along the fault zone. Five of them are located on the middle segment and the rest on the western segment. Combining new data from the seven trenches and results obtained before, we discuss in this paper the recurrence behavior of paleoearthquakes on Zhongwei-Tongxin fault zone. The seven trenches have revealed six paleoearthquake events of the past 14 000 years along Zhongwei-Tongxin fault zone. One of them occurred in late Pleistocene and had ruptured the whole fault zone, while the others all occurred in Holocene and had ruptured only the middle or western segment. The 1709 Zhongwei earthquake of M =7 1/2 had ruptured only the middle segment of the fault zone. We postulate, therefore, that the magnitude of paleoearthquake that ruptured the middle or western segment of the fault zone should be about 7 1/2,while that of the event ruptured the whole fault zone should be about 8. In addition, we find that the temporal distribution of paleoearthquakes on the Zhongwei-Tongxin fault zone was neither uniform nor evidently clustered.
    RESEARCH OF PALEO-EARTHQUAKE THAT CAUSED THE SUBSIDENCE OF PALEO-FOREST ON THE SEAFLOOR IN SHENHUWAN BAY, FUJIAN PROVINCE
    Xu Qihao, Feng Yanji, Shi Jiansheng
    2001, 23(3):  367-380. 
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    The submerged paleo forest in Shenhuwan Bay, Fujian Province, is accepted to be the vestige of strong paleo earthquake. The fossil trees were formerly growing in low lying land filled with late Pleistocene gravel bearing sandy clay during Holocene. A strong earthquake occurred 7,000 years B.P. had caused the subsidence of the trees onto the seafloor and the development of lagoon environment, while another strong earthquake occurred 2,000 years B.P. had given rise to the further subsidence of the trees to a greater depth. The evidences of these two events are as follows: 1. Earthquake landform composed of loose sediments was buried by littoral facies deposits on the seafloor, and its remnants were left on the beach. This may indicate that the land was subsided rapidly below the sea level during the earthquake, while several island like highlands composed of red and yellow gravel bearing sandy clays of late Pleistocene age remained above the sea level after the earthquake. After long period erosion by sea water, red brown and yellow land spots were left on tidal zone or shoal, while isolated blocky highlands surrounded by marine and eolian deposits were remained on the coast. 2. Many paleo trees had killed simultaneously, some of which were collapsed and broken. Some broken trunks laid down on the sea floor, and some broken branches were still connected with the trunks. All these may indicate a sudden subsidence caused by strong earthquake, which had given rise to the rapid burying of the paleo trees. 3. Evidence from seismic facies sediments. The ZK 1 and ZK 2 drill holes on the shoal have revealed that the Holocene sediments contains a 20~30m thick bed of carbonized, half carbonized and un carbonized broken wood chips with a little amount of gravels. This bed has not been eroded and transported by the sea water, containing marine facies sands of fine to medium size and small yellow clay balls. The formation of this bed seems to closely related to the sudden subsidence caused by strong earthquake, which had given rise to the transgression of the sea and the transportation of fine to medium grained sands into the pre existing slope wash and alluvium. 4. Evidence from the rate of crustal movement. The Shenhuwan paleo earthquake occurred 7,000 years ago. According to estimation, the rate of sedimentation during the period of 7,000~6,000a B.P. was 11 times as high as that during the period of 6,800~2,000a B.P. The rate of crustal movement during the former period was 25 times as high as that during the latter period. 5. Four sag ponds possibly produced by earthquake are distributed along the fault in the coastal area on the southwest margin of the Shenhuwan graben. The earthquake of late Holocene occurred about 2,000 years ago. This event can be confirmed by the facts that the elevation of littoral deposits at Shenhuwan Bay at that time differed from the sea level for about 4m, and that elovian sand deposits of continental facies were remained in the marine strata on the seafloor. According to the estimation, the subsidence of Shenhuwan Bay caused by these two earthquakes reached up to 3m, and the magnitudes of the two events are postulated to be above 7.
    PROPAGATION OF CENOZOIC ARCUATE STRUCTURES IN NORTHEAST PAMIR AND NORTHWEST TARIM BASIN
    Shen Jun, Wang Yipeng, Zhao Ruibin, Chen Jie, Qu Guosheng
    2001, 23(3):  381-389. 
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    This paper summarizes the basic characteristics of the arcuate structures in northeast Pamir, and analyzes the relationship between the E-W-trending thrust-anticline belts and the NNW-trending buried strike slip faults in northwest Tarim basin. In the northwest of Tarim Basin lie two thrust fault-anticline belts, which are called the Artush-Talanghe and the Kashi-Mingyaole anticline belts, respectively. Even though these two anticline belts are located far away from Pamir but closer to southwest Tianshan, their geometries and histories are similar to those of the external Pamir arcuate structures. By comparing the structures of the anticlines in Tarim basin with those of the southwest Tianshan and northeast Pamir, we find that these arcuate structures are propagating northeastward from Pamir toward the Tarim basin. The deformation in the area between the Pamir and southwest Tianshan is the result of the India-Eurasia collision. The northward indentation of the west Himalayan syntaxis has induced the development of the arcuate structures in Pamir and its fore deep depression basin. The stiff basement of the Tarim basin has also controlled the propagation of deformation. It transferred the tectonic force from Pamir to the area between its north margin and Tian Shan, resulting in intensive deformation of the area. The arcuate structures of the cover layers are thin-skinned structures resulted from crustal shortening of the Tarim basin. The focal depth and geophysical sounding data indicate that the basement of Tarim basin is under-thrusting beneath the south Pamir and south Tianshan. This movement has given rise to the propagation of deformation from the margin toward the inland of the basin. As the deformation is constrained by the orientation of tectonic force, the style of deformation in northwest Tarim basin is therefore similar to that in northeast Pamir. The NNW-trending strike slip faults in the northeast Pamir have also propagated eastward toward the Tarim basin. Most of the faults are buried, along which some strong earthquakes had occurred. It is more likely that these faults were developed in the basement of the Tarim basin. Along with the E-W-trending thrust faults, these strike slip faults have dissected the Tarim basin into several rhombic blocks, the north margins of which is dominated by compressive deformations while the east margin by dextral shearing deformations. Both the north and east margins of the block are seismogenic tectonics. The Jiashi strong earthquake swarms of 1997 and 1998 would be the result of the present-day movement of the arcuate structures in northwest Tarim basin.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF RECENT ACTIVITY OF THE TIELUZI FAULT IN EAST QINLING MOUNTAINS
    Zhou Houyun, Han Mukang, Hou Jianjun
    2001, 23(3):  390-398. 
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    This paper describes the pattern and appearance of the recent activity of the Tieluzi Fault and recent stress field in East Qinling Mountains. The recent movement of the Tieluzi Fault has resulted in the "S"-shaped turning of streams, displacement of terraces and Neogene sediments along the fault. The recent stress field over the East Qinling Mountains was dominated by SEE-trending compressive stress. The amplitude and rate of faulting were determined on the basis of the differences of elevation, lateral displacements and ages of terraces. From our investigations and measurements, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) The recent movement of the Tieluzi Fault was dominated by left-lateral strike-slipping. Since the formation of the third terrace, the left-lateral offset along the Tieluzi Fault amounted to several hundreds meters, while its total vertical displacements were within 30 meters. It means that the lateral movement was at least a factor of magnitude larger than the vertical movement; 2) The Tieluzi Fault displayed apparent vertical movements at the places where basins were developed, while at the places where no basin was developed, its vertical movement was relatively weak; 3) The recent movement of the Tieluzi Fault seems to have accelerated since the formation of the third terrace. For example, the rate of lateral displacement of the Tieluzi Fault was in the range of 5~7mm/a since the formation of the third terrace, while since the formation of the first terrace, it was in the range of 8~12mm/a. It is suggested that the recent movement of the Tieluzi Fault was the result of northward squeezing of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate, as suggested by Tapponnier et al (1990), and that the recent movement of the Tieluzi Fault reflects the eastward or southeastward differential movement of East China blocks.
    DEFORMATION STYLES OF UNCONSOLIDATED QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS ON ACTIVE FAULTS
    Chao Hongtai, Deng Qidong, Li Jialing, Wang Zhicai, Man Hongmin
    2001, 23(3):  399-406. 
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    Unconsolidated Quaternary sediments are widely distributed on the Earth surface. As active faults usually disturb the Quaternary sediments, the study of the deformation styles of these sediments is therefore of great significance to the assessment of fault activity and property. Oriented samples of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments deformed by faulting have been collected from some typical active fault profiles. They were solidified in lab by filling epoxy resin diluted by acetone with solidified agent. Oriented thin sections were cut according to the primitive orientations of the samples in the field. Deformation features of the samples were observed carefully under optical microscope. An attempt has been made to identify the deformation microstructures of the samples, which may reflect the features of faulting. The observations show that the deformation in unconsolidated Quaternary sediments can be classified into two styles: fracturing and flow. The fracturing deformation is represented by parallel slip bands, straight slip planes, broken mineral grains etc, while the flow deformation is characterized by flow structures, mineral grain rotation, drag structure of clay minerals and others. The deformation style and property of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments depend to a large extent on the characteristics of the sediments themselves. Unconsolidated Quaternary sediments are composed mainly of clastic grains and clays. They can be considered as a visco-elastic body, and may behave as elastic-plastic materials. The duration of applied force has a great effect on the deformation behavior of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments. It means that strain rate plays an important role in the deformation behavior of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments. It is suggested that the fracturing deformation is generated by high strain rate event such as earthquake, while the flow deformation is generated by low strain rate event such as creep slip. The detailed observation of deformation styles of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments,therefore, may provide important information on the kinetic process of faulting.
    EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF PLASTIC-FLOW WAVES IN THE LITHOSPHERE (Ⅰ)
    Wang Shengzu, Li Jianguo, Zhang Zongchun
    2001, 23(3):  407-418. 
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    In order to study the propagation processes of plastic-flow waves in the lithosphere, plasticized rosin, i.e. the mixture of rosin (P) and plasticizer (P) with proper ratio of P/R, is used as analogue material for modeling ductile layer in the lithosphere. The mixture is poured into a rectangular shallow trough (280~300mm long and 190~200mm wide), forming ductile one layer model (1) with a thickness of 8~9mm, as shown in Fig. 1. The bottom (2) and walls (3 and 4) of the trough are made up of glass plates. Some models are covered by a 0.1~0.2mm-thick brittle layer composed of dried consolidated talc-powder slurry, forming brittle/ductile two-layer models. The driving boundary of the model, a movable wall (4) of the trough, is pushed by the springs (6), which are compressed by screw-pushers (7) (micrometer screws) or adding spacers. A number of measuring points (8) are placed on the models surface and their displacements are measured by using a coordinate-system micrometer with the horizontal accuracy of 0.002mm and vertical accuracy of 0.01mm. The tests are carried out at constant temperature with the errors within the range of ±0.5℃ for most of the models. According to the similarity criterion and considering the Stokes number, St(the ratio of viscous force to gravitational force) for viscous flow, the time ratio of prototype to model, Kt, is calculated from Kt=Kη/(Kρ,Kg,KL), and hence the velocity ratio KV=KL/Kt, where KηKρKg and KL are the ratios for viscosity, density, gravitational acceleration and length, respectively. The results of the experiments indicate that plastic-flow waves, being similar to gravity waves in viscous media, include "fast" and "slow" waves and both of them are the superposition of major and subsidiary waves. The major wave is similar to solitary wave or surge. The "fast" waves, including the major and subsidiary ones, are originated from the boundary of the model. The periods of them depend mainly on the pulsative driving period at the boundary, while the wave velocities and strain rates of them are not associated with the pushing velocity of the boundary. In terms of the theory of similarity, the velocities of the major "fast" waves inferred from the models are about 0.12~2.5km/a, corresponding or close in the orders of magnitude to those of some plastic-flow waves in the lower lithosphere, which control the migration of seismic activities (Wang et al., 1994). The major and subsidiary "fast" waves decay in general tendency with their propagation, showing the descend of strain rates, whereas they ascend again locally in a certain range of distances. As is inferred from the models, for instance, the strain rates ascend again in the range of 1 500~2 250km away from the driving boundary for the situation of the waves propagating in the lower lithosphere. Its upper limit corresponds roughly to the distance from the Himalayan collision boundary to the North China Plain. The strong seismic activities in the North China region may be associated, as one of the important factors, with the local ascent of strain rates in the propagation process of plastic-flow waves. Although what has been done in the experimental studies so far stays with qualitative or semi-quantitative simulation, the results of the physical modeling stated above have provided the powerful experimental evidences for understanding the generation and propagation of the plastic-flow waves in continental plate, which control the migration and fluctuation of seismic activities.
    EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF PLASTIC-FLOW WAVES IN THE LITHOSPHERE(Ⅱ)
    Wang Shengzu, Li Jianguo, Zhang Zongchun
    2001, 23(3):  419-431. 
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    The results of physical modeling for plastic-flow waves in the lower lithosphere indicate that in addition to "fast" waves, which roughly correspond to the plastic-flow waves with velocities of 100~102km/a in the prototype, the "slow" waves with significantly lower velocities also exist in the model compressed at its driving boundary. The experimental procedure and similarity principle for the "slow" waves are essentially the same with those for the "fast" waves (Wang et al., 2001). The measuring markers placed on the model's surface are arranged along a longitudinal line with constant initial spacing of about 10mm. The "slow" waves are also decomposed into major and subsidiary waves, and both of them are viscous gravity waves: the major wave is similar to solitary wave or surge, and the subsidiary wave is manifested as wave group. Note that the "slow" waves described here are mainly induced by the "fast" waves when they arrive somewhere with a distance X0 away from the boundary, where X0 is called wave-generating distance. The value of X0, as shown in Fig. 6, tends to get larger with increase of the nominal relaxation number , a ratio of the duration of test to the relaxation time of media in the ductile layer. As a matter of fact, it is impossible for "fast" waves to induce the "slow" waves when the distance X0 required is too large and the wave-propagation range is limited. On the contrary, the "slow" waves can be considered as the waves originated at plate boundary as the distance X0 is approximate to zero. As inferred from the models according to the similarity principle, the "slow" waves are associated with some slow processes of tectonic deformation in the geological history of the prototype, which are characterized in orders of magnitude by wave velocities of 10-1~100m/a, time intervals of 100Ma and spatial spans of 102~103km. They control the long-term fluctuation and migration of seismic activities and influence the evolution of tectonic movements. The horizontal strains (along longitudinal axis) Δε and vertical strains Δεz are estimated in terms of the measurements of horizontal and vertical displacements of the measuring markers, while the Poisson's ratio and volumetric strain increment of each marker pair can be calculated for each time step. As a result, the average Poisson's ratio υ =0.465 (approximate to 0.5) and the average volumetric strain increment Δεv=-0.002 7 (its absolute value is less than the strain measuring error of 0.002 9) are obtained, indicating the volume of the model without considerable variation. It means that the strain response along the horizontal direction is mainly transformed into the variations of the thickness of the layer and the elevation of the model's surface, and it is therefore confirmed that the "slow" waves are similar to viscous gravity waves. The strain rates in the lower lithosphere inferred from the models are 10-15~10-14/s in orders of magnitude, which are comparable to those in tectonically active regions. However, the pushing velocities of the driving boundary inferred from the models, 4.1~12.9m/a, are significantly greater than those in the prototype, for instance, about 0.05 m/a for the Himalayan driving boundary. It implies that the physical modeling stated in this paper is qualitative or semi-quantitative.
    A STUDY OF BURIED PIPELINE DAMAGES CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKE FAULTING
    Zhang Suling, Xu Jiandong, Cao Huaming, Wang Chunhua
    2001, 23(3):  432-438. 
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    This paper reviews the most popular studies since 1975 on the responses of buried pipeline to earthquake faulting. Among the analysis methods based on beam model, Newmark-Hall's model and Kennedy's model are most representative. Newmark-Hall's model is commonly accepted in engineering fields and adopted in China (SYJ8401-91,1991) and USA (Guidelines for Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline System, 1984) for its simplicity. Kennedy's model is relatively more precise and closer to the reality. As compared to the second model, the first model gains smaller calculating result due to the neglecting of transverse forces of the soil and bending deformation of the pipe. On the other hand, the result of the second model is conservative due to overestimating the elongation of the pipe. Recently, Wang Ruliang et al. proposed two representative numerical methods that were used to compute the deformation and internal forces of the pipes and to gain more realistic results. On the basis of previous work, a new analytical method of buried pipelines based on beam theory is proposed in this paper. The major characteristics of this method are: 1) The deformation model takes the form of elastic base beam in the far end and cantilever beam at the end closer to the fault (e.g. Wang Ru-Liang's method); 2) Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain model, which describes the pipe more realistic than the formerly used stress-strain model, is used and nonlinear feature of the pipe is considered; 3) Simplify the complex steps of determining whether the material yields in Wang Ru-Liang method of 1998 when calculating axial elongation of the pipe;4) The adoption of stress-strain model for large deformation improves the precision in the case of faulting with large deformation; 5) The influences of bending rigidity and extension rigidity are considered simultaneously so that the analytical formula of internal forces and deformation in any sections can be obtained. Some improvements have been made in our model on the basis of the previous work, which makes the result more reasonable, especially for analysis of the internal forces and deformation on the segments of large deformation. This paper also discusses the problem of concern to the researchers and engineers. That is, whether or not a physical parameter can be found to determine the strain of pipeline is mainly axial or bending? This problem is tentatively studied in this paper and a dimensionless physical parameter α is found. If α<1.2, then the strain of pipeline is mainly bending. In this case, however, the results obtained by using Newmark's method as recommended by the regulation are smaller, and will not satisfy the precision. If α>1.2, then the strain of pipeline is mainly axial extension, and the precision of Newmark's method in this case is satisfactory. When the pipe is deformed extensionally by faulting, it is suitable to take β between 50° and 80°. When the pipe is deformed compressionally by faultingt β is better to be close to 90°.
    THE THEORY OF D-INSAR AND ITS APPLICATION TO MAPPING THE DISPLACEMENT FIELDS OF EARTHQUAKE
    Shan Xinjian, Ma Jin, Liu Jiahang, Wang Changlin, Song Xiaoyu
    2001, 23(3):  439-446. 
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    INSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a new technique developed in the last decade. It has a non-replaceable application potential in observing vertical deformation of ground surface. It would provide entirely new means and method for monitoring the dynamic field of earthquake. In the SAR images acquired, not only the intensity information but also the phase information of surface features has been recorded, which is an advantage unparalleled by optical remote sensing. Using phase information, the INSAR technique may provide digital elevation model and information on surface deformation. The algorithms of INSAR and D-INSAR (Differential INSAR) are introduced in this paper in details. This new technique has been applied to the study of Mani, Tibet earthquake of Nov. 11, 1997. For detecting the characteristics of deformation produced by Mani earthquake, we have collected three ERS-1/2 SAR images of Mani area, two of which (May 20,1996 and May 21,1996) are tandem mode data (1 day repeat) before Mani MS 7.9 earthquake in 1997, one of which (April 21,1998) after the earthquake. We used three pass interferometric mode to process the images. First, we used May 20 and May 21,1996 images by making interferometric processing, and extracting the DEM of the studied area. Then, we used May 21 ,1996 and April 21,1998 images by making differential interferometric processing, and removing the effect of terrain obtained from DEM. At last, we detected co-seismic surface displacement of Mani earthquake by D-INSAR technique. The results show that the surface deformation caused by Mani earthquake occurred along NEE direction, and the length of surface rupture is at least more than 70km. Around epicentral area, the width of deformation field in S-N direction is wider than that in other areas. It is determined that the maximum elevation in this area is 98cm, while the maximum subsidence is 95cm. The co-seismic horizontal displacement of the fault is about 5m.
    BASIC PRINCIPLE OF WebGIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO GEOSCIENCES
    Qu Chunyan, Ye Hong, Liu Zhi
    2001, 23(3):  447-454. 
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    This paper introduces the concepts, basic principle, implementing technology, present situation and developing trend of WebGIS, and discusses the applicability of this new technique to geosciences. WebGIS is an Internet-based network GIS, which changes the running and serving modes of traditional GIS. The usage of traditional GIS was restricted to a community of trained experts, whereas WebGIS can make GIS technology accessible for many people through the application of GIS available on World Wide Web. The greatest advantage of WebGIS is its On-line feature; it not only can move the general GIS functionality, such as zoom, pan, point query on internet, but also has some statistical and spatial analysis capabilities. Moreover, it provides spatial operating functions such as buffer, overlay etc. Users can make their inquiries in spatial way and customize thematic maps in browser just like to query their spatial database in a local computer. They can also download the needed data to their local machines for use in their locally installed GIS software. There are several possible classifications of WebGIS. They mostly adopt the popular three-layer Browser/Server architecture consisting of browser, WebGIS application-server and GIS map-server. The browser sends GIS requests and displays maps with the interactive user-interface on client computer. The WebGIS application-server receives the requests and dispatches them to a proper map-server. The GIS map-server processes user's requests using available GIS applications and delivers the results to clients. The technical methods to implement WebGIS include Plug-ins, ActiveX, JAVA and ASP. The applications of existing WebGIS represent a wide variety of quality, aims and technical solutions. Most of the WebGIS are still in prototypes. At present, most of the WebGIS are still Online Retrieval Systems. This is mainly because that they are easy to operate and real spatial analysis is not necessary for many issues. The development directions of WebGIS, however, maybe involve interoperability and integration with RDBMS and Mobile. JAVA-based concepts also seem to became more popular. The disadvantages like long transmission times and non-uniform user interfaces can be overcome by more efficient code and a better bandwidth of the Internet. Professional JAVA classes that are developed by software vendors for WebGIS purposes can help to provide the needed performance. Geosciences require a vast amount of spatially referenced data. The distribution nature of capture, process, storage and utilization of the spatial data needs a high efficient mechanism of data sharing and interoperability. The upgrading of GIS to networking environment allows remote access to distributed data and analytical functions, and hence may supply good solutions for spatial data sharing and work collaboration in geosciences. It enables the users to bring the power of GIS and Web to studies in geosciences.
    COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM DIGITIZED AND SIMULATED OBSERVATIONS ON UNDERGROUND WATER LEVEL IN SHANDONG PROVINCE
    Geng Jie, Ren Guixiang, Wang Zhongmin, Zhang Zhaodong
    2001, (3):  455-463. 
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    In this paper we present the comparative analysis of underground water level data obtained from digitized observation and the traditional simulated observation. Digitized observation of underground water level has been carried out for nearly 3 years in Shandong Province. As compared with the traditional simulated observation, digitized observation has the advantages of rapid data transmission, larger amount of information and lower man made error. It will greatly increase the high frequency and short period information of underground water level, and will improve significantly our ability to catch short term and impendent precursory anomalies. The results of comparative analysis in 3 wells at Liaocheng, Dongying and Changyi show that the data of underground water level obtained from digitized observation, including their variation tendency, relative coefficient, sample error and the real values, are identical to those obtained from simulated observation. As digitized observation has the advantages of higher sensitivity and transmission speed, it may replace the traditional simulated observation. The data of digitized observation can be preserved in the database of SQL server linked with the software system (EIS2000) of information processing of earthquake precursors, so that they may be analyzed on time to track the transient variation of water level. The analysis has also indicated that the methods of data analysis used in simulated observation can also be used in digitized observation. In addition, a series of newly developed methods, such as the analysis of tide and the load/unload response ratio can also be applied to analyze the data of digitized observation. The data of tide response become clearer in digitized observation, but the response of the vibration of the underground water caused by earthquake event has become weaker. We believe that with the reformation and perfection of more and more observation stations, the digitized observation will play an important role in earthquake prediction and prevention.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN WEST CHINA AND ITS SURROUNDING REGIONS
    Chen Yuwei, Gu Fangqi, Ling Xueshu, Zhang Chunzhi
    2001, (3):  464-470. 
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    China's continent lies at the southeastern corner of the Eurasian Plate. It is squeezed by N-NNE-trending compressional force of the Indian Plate in the southwest, influenced by the NW- NNW -trending subduction zone of the Pacific and Philippine Plates in the east, and confined by the Siberian- Russian block of Eurasian Plate in the northwest. According to the data obtained from 22 GPS stations in 1994 and in 1996, it is suggested that the horizontal relative motion of China's continent is mainly compressional in north-south direction, and weakly tensile in east-west direction. Taking the North-south seismic belt as a boundary, the crustal movement is stronger in the west and weaker in the east, while the motion along block boundaries is dominated by sinistral compressional shearing. This situation may indicate that the crustal motion of China's continent is dominated by the northeastward squeezing of Indian plate. In addition, it is suggested that the most prominent and most important tectonic motion in China's continent should be the India-Eurasia collision, which causes crustal deformation in a vast regions including the rise of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the formation of a series of seismic belts. Considering the west China and its surrounding regions as a uniform seismic zone, we discuss in this paper the control and influence of the joint action of the surrounding plates on continental strong earthquakes of China. In addition, the characteristics of seismic activities in West China and its surrounding regions are discussed as well. We find that the temporal distribution of strong earthquakes in this seismic zone is characterized by rhythmicity. According to the spatial migration of strong earthquakes, this region can be geologically divided into two seismic zones: the collision zone and the influenced zone, bounded by the suture zone between Lasa and Qiangtang blocks. We find that the earthquake activities in these two zones are interactively increased and decreased. The discovery of this feature will be useful in the assessment of the intensity of seismic activity in the broad North China.
    CORRECTION OF STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP IN TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS WITH SOLID CONFINING PRESSURE MEDIUM
    Jiang Haikun, Zhang Liu, Zhou Yongsheng
    2001, (3):  471-474. 
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    In triaxial compression experiments with solid confining pressure medium, especially under high temperature and high confining pressure condition, after reaching the peak strength the macroscopic geometrical deformation of the sample increases obviously with increasing of differential stress. This will lead to a large difference between the observed stress-strain curve and the actual stress-strain relationship. This false appearance will give rise to the unreasonably high residual stress in the sample. To solve this problem, during the semi-ductile and ductile deformation stage of rock sample under the HT-HP condition, a correction of stress-strain curve has been carried out based on the following three assumptions:1) With increasing of differential stress, the originally columnar rock sample deforms into a barrel-shape body;2) The volume of rock sample remains constant;3) During the deformation process, the upside and downside surfaces of the sample keep their original size and shape. That is, the diameter of the upside and downside surfaces of the barrel-shape body should be equal to that of the original sample. The observation after the experiments shows that the rock sample was shortened and bulged in the middle part. This qualitatively indicates that the above assumptions are reasonable to some extent. The examination by using actual experiment data indicates that the correction method proposed here is of practical significance. This method is also applicable to the correction of the stress-strain curve during the semi-ductile or ductile deformation process under axial compression condition.
    MIGRATION OF THE MAIN SEISMIC AREAS IN EAST CHINA SINCE 1970
    Gu Fangqi, Zhang Chunzhi, Zhang Zhiliu, Chen Li
    2001, (3):  475-480. 
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    Located in the southern part of the broad North China, the East China displays a relatively independent seismic activity in the region. The strong earthquakes occurred in this area in the past century displayed a good ordering and systematicness. Basing on these features, we analyze further the characteristics of seismic events of the past 30 years in time sequence and spatial migration. We find that in time sequence there are two episodes of seismic activity with similar evolution process in this area. The first episode occurred from 1970 to 1987, consisting of the stages of pre release, accelerative release, major release and remnant release of energy. These 4 stages made up a relatively complete evolution process of seismic activity. The second episode began from the late 1988, and has not been terminated till now. At present the stages of pre-release and accelerative release of energy of this episode have been completed. Comparing the spatial distribution of seismic events within these two episodes, we find that the main seismic areas of the first episode were distributed from southwest Shandong Province to the middle parts of Jiangsu and Anhui Province, as well as from the western part of the southern Jiangsu Province northeast-ward to the coastal area of middle Jiangsu Province. The main seismic areas of the second episode were distributed from southwest Shandong Province to the sea area of 124? meridian line, and the intersection of Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Shanghai areas. It seems that the spatial distributions of seismic events of the two episodes were characterized by good regionalization, and they were not overlapping each other. This may indicate the eastward migration of the main seismic areas in East China. The results of this study will be helpful to the analysis of seismic tendency and the assessment of potential strong earthquake area in East China.