LATE CENOZOIC FLOOD BASALT ERUPTION IN DALINOR, INNER MONGOLIA

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2024.04.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Fissure eruption refers to volcanic activity where magma is expelled to the Earth's surface through cracks in the crust. During such eruptions, large volumes of low-viscosity lava flow rapidly along these fissures, forming extensive flood-like lava fields known as “flood basalts”. Fissure eruptions are characterized by their significant magma scale and devastating impact. Although there is no historical record of volcanic fissure eruptions in China, numerous late Cenozoic lava platforms have been discovered in XilinGol League and Chifeng, Inner Mongolia. These platforms likely represent overflow basalts formed by continental volcanic fissures. In this study, we focus on investigating the lava platform within the Dalinor volcano group located in XilinGol area using tools from volcanic physics and geochemistry. The XilinGol League in Inner Mongolia hosts extensive late Cenozoic lavas, encompassing an area of approximately 10 000km² and representing one of China's largest basaltic provinces. This volcanic field, formed through flood basalt volcanism, has remained active since the late Cenozoic and poses potential risks of future eruptions. To enhance our understanding of its origin and assess eruption hazards associated with intracontinental flood basalt volcanism, this study focuses on the latest lava platforms within the Beilike region of the Dalinor Volcanic Field. In this study, we investigate volcanic activity by examining its eruptive characteristics, including magma temperature, lava viscosity, and lava flow velocity. During the volcanic eruption, a significant portion of the lava engulfed the gently sloping surfaces of fluvial and lacustrine deposits, resulting in the topographic formation of expansive lava plateaus. Throughout this process, surface lava underwent condensation to give rise to pahoehoe lavas. In contrast, the underlying plastic lava continued its effusion along eruptive fissures, causing vertical compression of the solidified crust and subsequent formation of lava ridges. In the vicinity of the eruptive fissure, a series of low ridges measuring 3-8 meters in height and tens to hundreds of meters in length emerged. At a distance over 3km from the eruption fissure, the lava flow exhibits a banded distribution with an elevated central portion and inclined edges, displaying characteristic lava levees. Columnar jointing is commonly observed at the periphery of the plateau profile. The profile exhibits stacked layers of lava, indicating a laminar flow movement of the lava flow. These geological features are consistent with the characteristics typically associated with flood basalt eruptions. The whole rock geochemistry indicates that the lava in Beilike belongs to olivine tholeiitic basalt and alkali olivine basalt. The lava is characterized by phenocrysts primarily composed of olivine and clinopyroxene, particularly augite. The Mg# values of clinopyroxene vary between 58.59 and 80.69. The eruption temperature of Beilike lava is determined by applying clinopyroxene-melts geothermo-barometry inversion, yielding a range of 1 123.2-1 173.4℃. Additionally, the viscosity of the erupting lava is obtained using a previously established calculation model, resulting in values ranging from 30 to 187Pa·S. This paper investigates the flow dynamics of “fissure eruption” through an analysis based on principles of lava fluid mechanics while considering relevant physical properties. We assume that high-temperature lava behaves as a Newtonian fluid and consider zero overflow velocity near the vent during fissure eruptions. The influence on lava flow primarily stems from surface slope, gravity, and inherent fluid properties rather than temperature variations throughout the process. We assume that the surface slope is 0.5 degrees. The lava temperature is 1 120℃, and the thickness of the lava is 1m. By adopting this approach, we can calculate the maximum attainable flow velocity upon reaching a stable state. It has been calculated that during fissure eruptions in the study area, the velocity of lava flows primarily ranged from 0.4m/s to 1m/s, with occasional instances reaching as high as 2.5m/s. The present study unveils the eruptive characteristics of flood basaltic volcanism in the Belike region. It establishes the physical parameters of the lava flows, thereby providing essential data for formulating strategies to mitigate future volcanic eruption disasters. The key parameters presented here not only contribute to the understanding of volcanism in Inner Mongolia but also hold significant reference value for basaltic volcanism in other continental intraplate environments across China. This research will enhance our understanding of this unique form of volcanism while providing a scientific basis for mitigating volcanic disasters. Moreover, the calculation methods and steps employed to derive these parameters may readily apply to other volcanic fields.

Key words: flood basalt eruption, Late Cenozoic volcanoes, Dalinor, lava flow velocity

摘要：

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟地区分布近万平方千米的熔岩台地, 它们是裂隙式火山喷发的产物。这类火山作用在晚新生代以来仍有过强烈活动, 未来具有潜在喷发危险性。锡林郭勒盟达里诺尔火山群中的贝力克地区分布了该区域形成时代最晚的熔岩台地。文中以贝力克熔岩台地为研究对象, 分析其喷发特征, 研究熔岩喷发时的温度、黏度和流动速度, 以限定其灾害效应。区内火山产物主要由结壳熔岩组成, 在接近喷发裂隙地区成群出露高3~8m、长数十米至数百米的低矮山脊, 推测该熔岩脊代表近火口熔岩地貌。在距喷发裂隙较远处(>3km), 熔岩流整体呈带状分布, 熔岩流中部隆起, 向两侧边缘呈外倾产状, 显示熔岩堤特征。在距喷发裂隙最远的熔岩台地边缘, 熔岩表面平坦, 常出现大型龟裂状裂理。一些台地边缘剖面显示出层状熔岩相互叠置的特点, 说明其流动过程以层流形式进行。这些地质特征均符合溢流玄武岩喷发的特征。全岩地球化学和矿物地球化学研究表明研究区的熔岩属于橄榄拉斑玄武岩和碱性橄榄玄武岩, 熔岩中包含橄榄石和单斜辉石(主要为普通辉石)斑晶。利用单斜辉石-熔体地质温压计估算得到贝力克熔岩的喷发温度为1 123.2~1 173.4℃, 利用前人的黏度计算模型得到熔岩喷发时的黏度为30~187Pa·S。在此基础上, 文中计算了研究区发生溢流玄武岩喷发时熔岩的流动速度大部分在0.4~1m/s区间内, 个别熔岩流速度可达2.5m/s。文中揭示了贝力克地区溢流玄武岩喷发特征, 限定了岩浆喷发温度、黏度和速度等物理参数, 可为未来火山喷发灾害防御提供基础数据支撑。

关键词: 火山裂隙, 晚新生代火山, 达里诺尔, 熔岩流动速度

CHANG Li-wen, ZHAO Yong-wei, LI Ni, SUN Jin-heng. LATE CENOZOIC FLOOD BASALT ERUPTION IN DALINOR, INNER MONGOLIA[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(4): 876-892.

常枥文, 赵勇伟, 李霓, 孙金恒. 内蒙古达里诺尔晚新生代火山裂隙喷发特征[J]. 地震地质, 2024, 46(4): 876-892.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1 Cenozoic lava distribution in Abaga-Dalinor volcanic fields(WU Ying et al., 2023).

Fig. 2 Distribution of volcanic rocks in the Dalinor volcanic field.

Fig. 3 Satellite map of flood basalt in the Beilike 3 lava platforms.

Fig. 4 Beilike DEM image.

Fig. 5 Field photos of lava platform.

Fig. 6 Crossed polarize of lava platform microscopic features.

Table1 Major elements of Beilike basalt(wt%)

样品编号	采样位置	北纬/(°)	东经/(°)	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	FeO	MnO	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	P₂O₅	LOI	总和
09XL01-1	锡林水库西北岸	43.8564	116.0922	51.04	2.1	13.64	1.20	9.69	0.15	7.42	9.25	3.22	1.07	0.38	-0.10	99.1
09XL01-2	贝力克布拉格	43.6239	116.1481	49.71	2.3	13.74	1.22	9.87	0.16	7.56	9.14	3.3	1.5	0.49	-0.31	98.7
09XL02-1	贝力克布拉格西南2km	43.6450	116.1022	51.75	2.15	13.3	1.10	8.94	0.14	7.42	8.88	3.01	1.39	0.37	0.28	98.7
09XL02-2	贝力克牧场东南1km	43.6572	116.1108	51.61	2.2	13.46	1.12	9.09	0.14	7.41	8.87	3.1	1.33	0.39	0.20	98.9
09XL03-1	平顶山	43.6281	116.0958	48.97	2.5	13.58	1.24	10.07	0.17	7.59	9.02	3	1.28	0.4	0.71	98.5
09XL03-2	平顶山	43.6283	116.0908	48.12	2.39	13.02	1.22	9.85	0.17	8.04	9.55	2.98	1.23	0.5	0.84	97.9
09XL03-3	平顶山	43.6303	116.0869	49.38	2.4	13.1	1.20	9.74	0.16	8.73	8.97	3.23	1.66	0.6	-0.14	99.0
10XL01	乌锡铁路挖开处	43.8464	116.0728	51.54	2.17	13.82	1.25	10.14	0.16	7.08	8.8	3.17	1.03	0.37	-0.34	99.2
10XL02	平顶山	43.6631	115.9903	50.22	2.47	13.76	1.19	9.62	0.15	7.06	9.18	3.28	1.43	0.46	-0.14	98.7
10XL03	贝力克	43.6897	116.0667	51.82	2.21	13.56	1.15	9.33	0.14	7.66	8.62	3.11	1.34	0.38	-0.25	99.1
10XL04	贝力克	43.6967	116.0692	52.01	2.23	13.35	1.12	9.06	0.15	6.95	8.96	3.1	1.31	0.37	0.32	98.9
10XL05	贝力克	43.6781	116.1158	47.99	2.75	13.44	1.25	10.09	0.16	7.07	9.45	3.47	2.23	0.68	-0.33	98.2
10XL08	贝力克牧场	43.6531	116.1061	51.55	2.33	13.36	1.17	9.47	0.14	7.52	8.62	3.11	1.34	0.39	-0.37	98.6
10XL09	骆驼山东北200m			50.76	2.34	13.43	1.14	9.24	0.15	7.34	8.95	2.87	1.31	0.4	0.60	98.5
10XL10	骆驼山	43.6519	116.0792	50.27	2.53	13.5	1.24	10.03	0.15	7.71	8.96	3.24	1.37	0.45	-0.41	99.0
10XL11	骆驼山火口沿			44.56	2.96	12.56	1.40	11.36	0.18	9.72	9.74	3.76	2.16	0.86	-0.19	99.1
10XL12	平顶山	43.6525	116.0297	50.36	2.52	13.72	1.20	9.68	0.15	7.18	9.25	3.24	1.38	0.45	-0.28	98.8
10XL14	铁路边	43.6600	116.1275	47.66	2.97	14.01	1.28	10.37	0.16	6.28	9.18	3.54	2.55	0.79	-0.03	98.8
10XL15	贝力克牧场东农场	43.6600	116.1750	47.1	2.91	13.5	1.28	10.38	0.16	7.06	9.68	3.52	2.4	0.75	-0.16	98.6
10XL17	巴彦胡硕	43.6367	116.2181	49.94	2.49	13.34	1.20	9.75	0.15	6.89	8.89	3.17	1.35	0.47	0.52	98.2
10XL18	贝力克布拉格	43.6147	116.1789	50.38	2.34	13.91	1.34	10.82	0.17	7.19	8.81	3.18	0.99	0.39	-0.40	99.1
10XL19	铁路桥	43.6472	116.1431	50.25	2.28	13.84	1.22	9.85	0.16	7.46	9.17	3.38	1.45	0.47	-0.67	98.9
10XL20	一棵树农场开荒队	43.7081	116.1244	49.63	2.14	13.3	1.24	10.04	0.16	7.03	9.79	2.88	0.97	0.37	0.93	98.5
10XL21	花特敖包西边	43.7658	116.1269	50.78	2.18	13.55	1.27	10.32	0.17	7.34	9.06	3.08	1.07	0.38	-0.03	99.2

Table1 Major elements of Beilike basalt(wt%)

样品编号	采样位置	北纬/(°)	东经/(°)	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	FeO	MnO	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	P₂O₅	LOI	总和
09XL01-1	锡林水库西北岸	43.8564	116.0922	51.04	2.1	13.64	1.20	9.69	0.15	7.42	9.25	3.22	1.07	0.38	-0.10	99.1
09XL01-2	贝力克布拉格	43.6239	116.1481	49.71	2.3	13.74	1.22	9.87	0.16	7.56	9.14	3.3	1.5	0.49	-0.31	98.7
09XL02-1	贝力克布拉格西南2km	43.6450	116.1022	51.75	2.15	13.3	1.10	8.94	0.14	7.42	8.88	3.01	1.39	0.37	0.28	98.7
09XL02-2	贝力克牧场东南1km	43.6572	116.1108	51.61	2.2	13.46	1.12	9.09	0.14	7.41	8.87	3.1	1.33	0.39	0.20	98.9
09XL03-1	平顶山	43.6281	116.0958	48.97	2.5	13.58	1.24	10.07	0.17	7.59	9.02	3	1.28	0.4	0.71	98.5
09XL03-2	平顶山	43.6283	116.0908	48.12	2.39	13.02	1.22	9.85	0.17	8.04	9.55	2.98	1.23	0.5	0.84	97.9
09XL03-3	平顶山	43.6303	116.0869	49.38	2.4	13.1	1.20	9.74	0.16	8.73	8.97	3.23	1.66	0.6	-0.14	99.0
10XL01	乌锡铁路挖开处	43.8464	116.0728	51.54	2.17	13.82	1.25	10.14	0.16	7.08	8.8	3.17	1.03	0.37	-0.34	99.2
10XL02	平顶山	43.6631	115.9903	50.22	2.47	13.76	1.19	9.62	0.15	7.06	9.18	3.28	1.43	0.46	-0.14	98.7
10XL03	贝力克	43.6897	116.0667	51.82	2.21	13.56	1.15	9.33	0.14	7.66	8.62	3.11	1.34	0.38	-0.25	99.1
10XL04	贝力克	43.6967	116.0692	52.01	2.23	13.35	1.12	9.06	0.15	6.95	8.96	3.1	1.31	0.37	0.32	98.9
10XL05	贝力克	43.6781	116.1158	47.99	2.75	13.44	1.25	10.09	0.16	7.07	9.45	3.47	2.23	0.68	-0.33	98.2
10XL08	贝力克牧场	43.6531	116.1061	51.55	2.33	13.36	1.17	9.47	0.14	7.52	8.62	3.11	1.34	0.39	-0.37	98.6
10XL09	骆驼山东北200m			50.76	2.34	13.43	1.14	9.24	0.15	7.34	8.95	2.87	1.31	0.4	0.60	98.5
10XL10	骆驼山	43.6519	116.0792	50.27	2.53	13.5	1.24	10.03	0.15	7.71	8.96	3.24	1.37	0.45	-0.41	99.0
10XL11	骆驼山火口沿			44.56	2.96	12.56	1.40	11.36	0.18	9.72	9.74	3.76	2.16	0.86	-0.19	99.1
10XL12	平顶山	43.6525	116.0297	50.36	2.52	13.72	1.20	9.68	0.15	7.18	9.25	3.24	1.38	0.45	-0.28	98.8
10XL14	铁路边	43.6600	116.1275	47.66	2.97	14.01	1.28	10.37	0.16	6.28	9.18	3.54	2.55	0.79	-0.03	98.8
10XL15	贝力克牧场东农场	43.6600	116.1750	47.1	2.91	13.5	1.28	10.38	0.16	7.06	9.68	3.52	2.4	0.75	-0.16	98.6
10XL17	巴彦胡硕	43.6367	116.2181	49.94	2.49	13.34	1.20	9.75	0.15	6.89	8.89	3.17	1.35	0.47	0.52	98.2
10XL18	贝力克布拉格	43.6147	116.1789	50.38	2.34	13.91	1.34	10.82	0.17	7.19	8.81	3.18	0.99	0.39	-0.40	99.1
10XL19	铁路桥	43.6472	116.1431	50.25	2.28	13.84	1.22	9.85	0.16	7.46	9.17	3.38	1.45	0.47	-0.67	98.9
10XL20	一棵树农场开荒队	43.7081	116.1244	49.63	2.14	13.3	1.24	10.04	0.16	7.03	9.79	2.88	0.97	0.37	0.93	98.5
10XL21	花特敖包西边	43.7658	116.1269	50.78	2.18	13.55	1.27	10.32	0.17	7.34	9.06	3.08	1.07	0.38	-0.03	99.2

Fig. 7 TAS diagram and standard mineral diagram of the Beilike lava in the Dalinor volcanic field.

Table2 Major elements of clinopyroxene in Beilike basalt

样品编号	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃	Cr₂O₃	Fe₂ $O 3 T$	MnO	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	NiO	总和	Mg^#
09XL03-2	51.08	1.16	3.86	0.65	6.85	0.14	15.51	20.65	0.41	0.00	0.09	100.39	80.14
09XL03-2	51.48	1.09	3.49	0.48	6.67	0.14	15.63	20.22	0.34	0.01	0.06	99.60	80.69
09XL03-2	53.25	0.81	2.22	0.31	7.38	0.14	17.11	19.33	0.32	0.01	0.02	100.89	80.51
09XL03-3	51.17	1.61	2.75	0.11	7.81	0.13	14.77	20.87	0.30	0.00	0.04	99.56	77.12
09XL03-3	52.66	1.02	1.92	0.32	7.43	0.12	16.01	20.45	0.23	0.00	0.04	100.19	79.34
10XL03-4	53.22	0.903	1.311	0.056	8.945	0.196	16.308	18.917	0.21	0.016	0.028	100.11	76.47
10XL21	50.94	1.68	2.50	0.05	11.12	0.24	14.29	19.10	0.27	0.00	0.01	100.20	69.62
10XL21	51.53	1.40	2.56	0.12	9.12	0.22	15.05	19.96	0.30	0.00	0.00	100.26	74.62

Table2 Major elements of clinopyroxene in Beilike basalt

样品编号	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃	Cr₂O₃	Fe₂ $O 3 T$	MnO	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	NiO	总和	Mg^#
09XL03-2	51.08	1.16	3.86	0.65	6.85	0.14	15.51	20.65	0.41	0.00	0.09	100.39	80.14
09XL03-2	51.48	1.09	3.49	0.48	6.67	0.14	15.63	20.22	0.34	0.01	0.06	99.60	80.69
09XL03-2	53.25	0.81	2.22	0.31	7.38	0.14	17.11	19.33	0.32	0.01	0.02	100.89	80.51
09XL03-3	51.17	1.61	2.75	0.11	7.81	0.13	14.77	20.87	0.30	0.00	0.04	99.56	77.12
09XL03-3	52.66	1.02	1.92	0.32	7.43	0.12	16.01	20.45	0.23	0.00	0.04	100.19	79.34
10XL03-4	53.22	0.903	1.311	0.056	8.945	0.196	16.308	18.917	0.21	0.016	0.028	100.11	76.47
10XL21	50.94	1.68	2.50	0.05	11.12	0.24	14.29	19.10	0.27	0.00	0.01	100.20	69.62
10XL21	51.53	1.40	2.56	0.12	9.12	0.22	15.05	19.96	0.30	0.00	0.00	100.26	74.62

Fig. 8 BSE image of clinopyroxene.

Table3 Clinopyroxene-liquid temperature and pressure under equilibrium state

样品编号	存储温度T/℃	压力P/kbar	交换系数
09XL03-2	1173.40	4.50	0.27
09XL03-2	1163.80	3.40	0.27
09XL03-2	1169.80	3.10	0.27
09XL03-3	1141.70	2.30	0.27
09XL03-3	1133.60	0.90	0.26
10XL03-4	1125.60	0.00	0.26
10XL21	1123.20	0.20	0.26
10XL21	1136.20	2.00	0.27

Fig. 9 Measured and calculated values for clinopyroxene phenocrysts components.

Table4 Inversion of lava viscosity

样品编号	A	B	C	logη/Pa·S	η/Pa·S
09XL01-1	-4.55	5927	497	2.06	116
09XL01-2	-4.55	5822	502	1.98	96
09XL02-1	-4.55	6127	487	2.21	164
09XL02-2	-4.55	6090	489	2.19	154
09XL03-1	-4.55	5779	508	1.98	95
09XL03-2	-4.55	5673	512	1.89	77
09XL03-3	-4.55	5732	504	1.90	79
10XL01	-4.55	5998	494	2.12	132
10XL02	-4.55	5953	498	2.10	126
10XL03	-4.55	6058	490	2.16	144
10XL04	-4.55	6195	485	2.27	187
10XL05	-4.55	5796	504	1.97	93
10XL08	-4.55	6071	490	2.17	149
10XL09	-4.55	6034	495	2.17	148
10XL10	-4.55	5871	501	2.03	108
10XL11	-4.55	5184	533	1.48	30
10XL12	-4.55	5941	500	2.10	126
10XL14	-4.55	5864	502	2.03	108
10XL15	-4.55	5699	510	1.90	80
10XL17	-4.55	6008	495	2.14	137
10XL18	-4.55	5837	503	2.01	102
10XL19	-4.55	5861	499	2.01	102
10XL20	-4.55	5841	505	2.03	106
10XL21	-4.55	5897	499	2.05	111

Table5 Inversion of lava flow velocity

样品编号	黏度η/Pa·S	熔岩密度ρ/kg·m^-3	地表坡度α/(°)	熔岩厚度d_c/m	熔岩流速ν/m·s^-1
09XL01-1	115.6993	2650	0.5	1	0.65
09XL01-2	95.72529	2650	0.5	1	0.79
09XL02-1	163.7265	2650	0.5	1	0.46
09XL02-2	153.9919	2650	0.5	1	0.49
09XL03-1	95.18765	2650	0.5	1	0.79
09XL03-2	77.02833	2650	0.5	1	0.98
09XL03-3	79.18354	2650	0.5	1	0.95
10XL01	132.1827	2650	0.5	1	0.57
10XL02	126.3433	2650	0.5	1	0.60
10XL03	144.2399	2650	0.5	1	0.52
10XL04	187.123	2650	0.5	1	0.40
10XL05	92.70316	2650	0.5	1	0.81
10XL08	149.0224	2650	0.5	1	0.51
10XL09	148.1394	2650	0.5	1	0.51
10XL10	107.9579	2650	0.5	1	0.70
10XL11	29.98622	2650	0.5	1	2.52
10XL12	125.6454	2650	0.5	1	0.60
10XL14	107.8442	2650	0.5	1	0.70
10XL15	80.11652	2650	0.5	1	0.94
10XL17	137.4213	2650	0.5	1	0.55
10XL18	102.0272	2650	0.5	1	0.74
10XL19	102.0864	2650	0.5	1	0.74
10XL20	105.9969	2650	0.5	1	0.71
10XL21	111.2242	2650	0.5	1	0.68

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