ANALYSING THE SURFACE DEFORMATION AND PRESENT-DAY MAGMA ACTIVITY OF CHANGBAISHAN-TIANCHI VOLCANO FROM 2015 TO 2022 WITH INSAR TECHNOLOGY

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2023.06.004

Abstract

Abstract:

The surface deformation information can effectively reflect the activity status of the magma chamber under the volcano, which is very important for understanding the evolution process of volcanic activity. By capturing deformation anomalies, the volcanic hazard can be assessed, providing insights into the supply, storage, and triggering mechanisms of volcanic magma systems.

According to statistics, there are 14 active volcanoes in China with potential eruption risks. Among them, Tianchi volcano of Changbaishan is considered the largest and most dangerous active volcano within China’s borders. It is located on the northern edge of the Sino-Korean Plate, situated to the east of the Dunhua-Mishan fault at the outermost edge of the Northeast rift system and to the west of the back-arc basin of the Japan Sea. Multiple groups of faults in the NE-SW and NW-SE directions are widely developed in the region. Since 2002, seismic activity in the Tianchi volcano area has gradually increased, with the annual average earthquake frequency rising from dozens to over a hundred times, reaching its peak in 2003 with over a thousand occurrences. However, seismic activity has gradually decreased after 2006. Nevertheless, between 2020 and 2022, two episodes of seismic swarms occurred beneath the Tianchi volcano, with epicenters exhibiting a dispersing pattern gradually spreading from beneath the volcanic vent. This indicates that the Tianchi volcano still retains the potential for eruption.

This study investigates the Tianchi volcano as the research area. It utilizes Sentinel-1A/B images from three orbits, namely ascending and descending passes, and employs advanced techniques including Small Baseline Subset(SBAS)InSAR and Stacking InSAR to retrieve Line of Sight(LOS)surface deformation results of the Tianchi volcano from 2015 to 2022. Additionally, InSAR observations are used as surface constraints, and the geometric distribution of the magma reservoir in Tianchi volcano is inverted using the Mogi point source model. By analyzing the inferred volume change rate of the magma reservoir and integrating it with previously published results obtained from geodetic measurements, the mechanisms underlying the variations in the magma reservoir and the temporal sequence of volcanic activity in Tianchi volcano are explored. The primary conclusions are as follows:

(1)According to the acquired LOS InSAR average deformation rate data from 2015 to 2022, covering the Tianchi volcano, the deformation results from different orbits show good consistency in their distribution. Near the volcano crater, there is an overall trend of deformation, while in areas farther away from the crater, local deformation exists. Over the past seven years of monitoring, there has been a slow subsidence phenomenon near the volcano crater, with a deformation rate of approximately -4mm/a to -2mm/a. By extracting the profile deformation time series from one descending orbit, it is found that the maximum cumulative deformation is about -40mm. The results of the deformation time series indicate that the surface deformation of the Tianchi volcano was relatively small between 2014 and 2017, indicating relatively stable magmatic activity during this period. However, starting in 2018, there has been a certain degree of accelerated deformation, and surface deformation mainly occurs around the volcano crater.

(2)According to the inversion results of the Mogi model, the shallow magma chamber beneath the Tianchi volcano has an estimated depth of approximately 6km, with a volume change rate of -3.3×10⁵m³/a. The geographical location of the magma chamber is situated slightly below and to the west of the Tianchi volcano crater. The inversion results indicate that during the monitoring period, the magma chamber displayed an overall slow contraction. It is speculated that the deformation activity of the magma chamber may be attributed to magma cooling and crystallization processes.

(3)According to the inversion of geodetic measurement data on magma chamber volume changes, during the period from 1995 to 1998, the magma chamber of the Tianchi volcano underwent progressive expansion deformation at a sluggish rate. The Tianchi volcano experienced significant surface uplift deformation from 2002 to 2005. During this period, the magma chamber exhibited a rapid expansion deformation with a fast volume change rate. Starting from 2006, the surface deformation rate weakened, and the volume change rate slowed down. From 2009 to 2011, the inversion of leveling observation data indicated a contraction of the magma chamber volume. Throughout the observation period of this study, the magma chamber continued to exhibit a contraction phenomenon. From 1995 to 2022, the Tianchi volcano underwent a process of magma activity, transitioning from a state of quiescence to perturbation and back to quiescence.

Key words: Changbaishan Tianchi volcano, InSAR technique, magma chamber, deformation inversion

摘要：

地表形变信息可有效反映火山下岩浆房的活动状态, 对于理解火山活动演化过程非常重要。文中利用Sentinel-1A/B的升、降轨影像, 采用SBAS InSAR与Stacking InSAR技术, 获取了长白山天池火山2015—2022年间的地表形变时间序列及速率, 并结合Mogi点源模型反演岩浆房的几何参数, 得到的主要结论如下: 1)火山口及周围区域整体下沉, 火山口附近视线向形变速率约为-4~-2mm/a, 远离火山口的局部形变速率可达-6mm/a。2)根据Mogi模型反演的火山下浅层岩浆房深约6km, 体积变化率为-3.3×10⁵m³/a, 岩浆房位于长白山天池火山口下偏西的位置。3)1992—2022年期间, 火山经历了从平静到扰动、再到平静的岩浆活动过程, 在2002—2005年监测到明显的地表隆升变形, 岩浆房体积显著膨胀, 之后岩浆的活动性逐渐减弱。

关键词: 长白山天池火山, InSAR技术, 岩浆房, 地表形变反演

XIONG Guo-hua, JI Ling-yun, LIU Chuan-jin. ANALYSING THE SURFACE DEFORMATION AND PRESENT-DAY MAGMA ACTIVITY OF CHANGBAISHAN-TIANCHI VOLCANO FROM 2015 TO 2022 WITH INSAR TECHNOLOGY[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(6): 1309-1327.

熊国华, 季灵运, 刘传金. 长白山天池火山2015—2022年InSAR变形与活动状态分析[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(6): 1309-1327.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1 Geographical location and SAR image coverage of the study area.

Table1 List of Sentinel-1A data parameters

卫星轨道	入射角	方位角	影像日期范围	影像总数	干涉图数量
ASC54	40.72°	-13.73°	2014-10-21—2022-01-24	64	423
DSC32	32.05°	193.76°	2014-11-12—2021-12-11	172	2023
DSC134	42.57°	193.73°	2015-02-11—2021-12-18	180	2016

Fig. 2 Interferogram spatio-temporal baseline plots.

Fig. 3 Deformation rate.

Fig. 4 The distribution Histogram of residuals between observations.

Fig. 5 Deformation time series of the descending orbit(DSC32).

Fig. 6 Cumulative deformation of profiles.

Fig. 7 Statistical chart of volcanic seismic data in Changbaishan(modified from Meng et al., 2022).

Table2 Geometric parameters for the inversion of the Mogi point source model

参数	最优值	平均值	中值	2.5%	97.5%
x/m	-1635.91	-1725.56	-1730.10	-2112.97	-1353.76
y/m	-1638.42	-1630.96	-1635.86	-1967.20	-1314.01
z/m	6055.10	6391.63	6371.19	5318.62	7599.70
ΔV/m³·a^-1	-3.31×10⁵	-3.78×10⁵	-3.70×10⁵	-5.65×10⁵	-2.43×10⁵

Fig. 8 Observed, simulated and residual values of the inversion.

Fig. 9 Residual statistical chart.

Fig. 10 Time series of magmatic activity.

References 40

[1]	陈国浒, 单新建, Moon W M, 等. 2008. 基于InSAR、 GPS形变场的长白山地区火山岩浆囊参数模拟研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 51(4): 1085—1092.
	CHEN Guo-hu, SHAN Xin-jian, Moon W M, et al. 2008. A modeling of the magma chamber beneath the Changbai Mountains Volcanic area constrained by InSAR and GPS derived deformation[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 51(4): 1085—1092 (in Chinese).
[2]	段政, 张翔, 陈荣, 等. 2022. 火山监测研究进展及其对中国火山灾害监测预警工作的启示[J]. 华东地质, 43(4): 391—414.
	DUAN Zheng, ZHANG Xiang, CHEN Rong, et al. 2022. Advances on volcano monitoring and its implications for volcanic hazards monitoring and early warning in China[J]. East China Geology, 43(4): 391—414 (in Chinese).
[3]	顾国华, 王武星. 2019. GPS测得的2018年夏威夷6.9级地震与火山喷发地壳运动[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 44(8): 1191—1197.
	GU Guo-hua, WANG Wu-xing. 2019. Crustal motions observed from GPS observations for the M6.9 earthquake in Hawaii and the eruption of the Kilauea Volcano in 2018[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 44(8): 1191—1197 (in Chinese).
[4]	郭明瑞, 于红梅, 胡久常, 等. 2022. 琼北火山监测与活动性研究进展[J]. 地震地质, 44(5): 1128—1141. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.05.003.
	GUO Ming-rui, YU Hong-mei, HU Jiu-chang, et al. 2022. Progress in monitoring and research of activity of volcanoes in northern Hainan Island[J]. Seismology and Geology, 44(5): 1128—1141 (in Chinese).
[5]	郭倩. 2020. InSAR时间序列分析监测Cerro Azul火山长期形变活动[D]. 武汉: 武汉大学.
	GUO Qian. 2020. Long-term deformation of Cerro Azul Volcano monitored by InSAR Time-series[D]. Wuhan University, Wuhan (in Chinese).
[6]	何平, 许才军, 温扬茂, 等. 2015. 利用PALSAR数据研究长白山火山活动性[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版), 40(2): 214—221.
	HE Ping, XU Cai-jun, WEN Yang-mao, et al. 2015. Estimating the magma activity of the Changbaishan Volcano with PALSAR Data[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 40(2): 214—221 (in Chinese).
[7]	洪汉净, 吴建平, 王庆良, 等. 2007. 中国火山危险性等级与活动性分类[J]. 地震地质, 29(3): 447—458.
	HONG Han-jing, WU Jian-ping, WANG Qing-liang, et al. 2007. Volcanic threat levels and classification of volcanic activity in China[J]. Seismology and Geology, 29(3): 447—458 (in Chinese).
[8]	季灵运. 2012. 利用卫星遥感技术监测长白山天池火山活动性[D]. 北京: 中国地震局地质研究所.
	JI Ling-yun. 2012. Activity of the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano detected by satellite remote sensing technologies[D]. Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing (in Chinese).
[9]	季灵运, 许建东, 赵波, 等. 2013. 利用InSAR技术研究新疆阿什库勒火山群现今活动性[J]. 地震地质, 35(3): 532—541.
	JI Ling-yun, XU Jian-dong, ZHAO Bo, et al. 2013. Present-day activity of Ashikule volcanic group from InSAR[J]. Seismology and Geology, 35(3): 532—541 (in Chinese).
[10]	靳锡波, 王乐洋. 2020. 一种火山岩浆源参数反演的粒子群算法[J]. 测绘科学, 45(8): 64—69, 95.
	JIN Xi-bo, WANG Le-yang. 2020. A particle swarm optimization algorithm for inversion of volcanic magma source parameters[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 45(8): 64—69, 95 (in Chinese).
[11]	刘俊清, 丁广, 张晨侠, 等. 2012. Mogi模型在长白山天池火山GNSS监测网布设中的应用[J]. 地震地磁观测与研究, 33(5): 296—300.
	LIU Jun-qing, DING Guang, ZHANG Chen-xia, et al. 2012. The application of Mogi model to GNSS net establishment in Changbaishan volcano[J]. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 33(5): 296—300 (in Chinese).
[12]	刘若新, 李继泰, 魏海泉, 等. 1992. 长白山天池火山: 一座具潜在喷发危险的近代火山[J]. 地球物理学报, 35(5): 661—665.
	LIU Ruo-xin, LI Ji-tai, WEI Hai-quan, et al. 1992. Volcano at Tianchi Lake, Changbaishan MT: A modern volcano with potential danger of eruption[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 35(5): 661—665 (in Chinese).
[13]	刘媛媛, 赵振宇, 晏霞, 等. 2022. 基于D-InSAR的樱岛火山喷发形变场解算与反演分析[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 42(8): 818—822.
	LIU Yuan-yuan, ZHAO Zhen-yu, YAN Xia, et al. 2022. Deformation field solution and inversion analysis of Sakurajima volcanic eruption based on D-InSAR[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 42(8): 818—822 (in Chinese).
[14]	牛玉芬. 2020. 基于InSAR技术的地震构造和火山形变获取及模型解译研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学.
	NIU Yu-fen. 2020. Applications of SAR Interferometry for cosemic, intersecimic and volcano deformation monitoring, modeling and interpretation[D]. Chang'an University, Xi’an (in Chinese).
[15]	潘波, 樊祺诚, 许建东, 等. 2017. 长白山天池火山千年大喷发的岩浆过程[J]. 岩石学报, 33(1): 163—172.
	PAN Bo, FAN Qi-cheng, XU Jian-dong, et al. 2017. Magmatic processes of the Millennium eruption at Changbaishan Tianchi volcano, China/North Korea[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 33(1): 163—172 (in Chinese).
[16]	盘晓东, 宋雨佳, 李萌萌, 等. 2022. 全球主要活动火山概况及对长白山火山监测的启示[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 41(6): 1315—1317.
	PAN Xiao-dong, SONG Yu-jia, LI Meng-meng, et al. 2022. Overview of major active volcanoes in the world and their enlightenment for volcanic monitoring in Changbai Mountain[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 41(6): 1315—1317 (in Chinese).
[17]	钱程, 崔天日, 唐振, 等. 2022. 基于钻井温的长白山天池火山北坡浅部岩浆房赋存深度研究[J]. 地质与资源, 31(4): 553—562.
	QIAN Cheng, CUI Tian-ri, TANG Zhen, et al. 2022. Covered depth of superficial magma chamber on the northern slope of Tianchi volcano in Changbai Mountain based on borehole temperature[J]. Geology and Resources, 31(4): 553—562 (in Chinese).
[18]	仇根根, 裴发根, 方慧, 等. 2014. 长白山天池火山岩浆系统分析[J]. 地球物理学报, 57(10): 3466—3477. DOI
	QIU Gen-gen, PEI Fa-gen, FANG Hui, et al. 2014. Analysis of magma chamber at the Tianchi volcano area in Changbai mountain[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 57(10): 3466—3477 (in Chinese).
[19]	吴建平, 明跃红, 张恒荣, 等. 2007. 长白山天池火山区的震群活动研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 50(4): 1089—1096.
	WU Jian-ping, MING Yue-hong, ZHANG Heng-rong, et al. 2007. Earthquake swarm activity in Changbaishan Tianchi volcano[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 50(4): 1089—1096 (in Chinese). DOI URL
[20]	许建东, 万园, 王新茹, 等. 2022. 中国火山灾害区划研究历史回顾与未来展望[J]. 地质与资源, 31(3): 426—433.
	XU Jian-dong, WAN Yuan, WANG Xin-ru, et al. 2022. Review on the development of volcanic hazard zonation in China[J]. Geology and Resources, 31(3): 426—433 (in Chinese).
[21]	杨云飞. 2021. 基于InSAR/GPS数据的腾冲火山区域地壳活动性研究[D]. 昆明: 云南师范大学.
	YANG Yun-fei. 2021. Research on crustal activity in the Tengchong volcanic area based on InSAR/GPS data[D]. Yunnan Normal University, Kunming (in Chinese).
[22]	杨卓欣, 张先康, 赵金仁, 等. 2005. 长白山天池火山区三维地壳结构层析成像[J]. 地球物理学报, 48(1): 107—115.
	YANG Zhuo-xin, ZHANG Xian-kang, ZHAO Jin-ren, et al. 2005. Tomographic imaging of 3-D crustal structure beneath Changbaishan-Tianchi volcano region[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 48(1): 107—115 (in Chinese).
[23]	Berardino P, Fornaro G, Lanari R, et al. 2002. A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 40(11): 2375—2383. DOI URL
[24]	Cervelli P, Segall P, Amelung F, et al. 2002. The 12 September 1999 upper east rift zone dike intrusion at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107(B7): ECV 3-1—ECV 3-13.
[25]	Fournier T J. 2008. Analysis and Interpretation of Volcano Deformation in Alaska: Studies from Okmok and Mt. Veniaminof Volcanoes[D]. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks.
[26]	Ji L, Izbekov P, Senyukov S, et al. 2018. Deformation patterns, magma supply, and magma storage at Karymsky Volcanic Center, Kamchatka, Russia, 2000—2010, revealed by InSAR[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 352: 106—116. DOI URL
[27]	Ji L, Lu Z, Dzurisin D, et al. 2013. Pre-eruption deformation caused by dike intrusion beneath Kizimen volcano, Kamchatka, Russia, observed by InSAR[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 256: 87—95. DOI URL
[28]	Ji L, Xu J, Liu L, et al. 2021. A review of present-day deformation of active volcanoes in China between 1970 and 2013[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510(1): 215—226. DOI URL
[29]	Kim S W, Won J S. 2004. Slow deformation of Mt. Baekdu stratovolcano observed by satellite radar interferometry[C]. Proceedings of the FRINGE 2003 Workshop(ESA SP-550).
[30]	Liu C, Ji L, Zhu L, et al. 2023. Present-day three-dimensional deformation across the Ordos Block, China, derived from InSAR, GPS, and leveling observations[J]. Remote Sensing, 15: 2890. DOI URL
[31]	Lu Z, Freymueller J T, Meyer D J, et al. 2000. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaska: Radar observations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 105(B5): 10791—10806.
[32]	Lu Z, Masterlark T, Dzurisin D. 2005. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar study of Okmok volcano, Alaska, 1992-2003: Magma supply dynamics and post emplacement lava flow deformation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 110(B2): B02403.
[33]	Lu Z, Masterlark T, Dzurisin D, et al. 2003. Magma supply dynamics at Westdahl volcano, Alaska, modeled from satellite radar interferometry[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B7): 2354.
[34]	Meng Z, Shu C, Yang Y, et al. 2022. Time series surface deformation of Changbaishan Volcano based on Sentinel-1B SAR data and its geological significance[J]. Remote Sensing, 14(5): 1213. DOI URL
[35]	Mogi K. 1958. Relations between the eruptions of various volcanoes and the deformations of the ground surface around them[J]. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, 36(1958): 99—134.
[36]	Pan B, Liu G, Cheng C, et al. 2021. Development and status of active volcano monitoring in China[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 510(1): 227—252. DOI URL
[37]	Sepe V, Atzori S, Ventura G. 2007. Subsidence due to crack closure and depressurization of hydrothermal systems: A case study from Mt Epomeo(Ischia Island, Italy)[J]. Terra Nova, 19(2): 127—132. DOI URL
[38]	Trasatti E, Tolomei C, Wei L, et al. 2021. Upward magma migration within the multi-level plumbing system of the Changbaishan Volcano(China/North Korea)revealed by the modeling of 2018—2020 SAR data[J]. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9:741287. DOI URL
[39]	Xu J, Liu G, Wu J, et al. 2012. Recent unrest of Changbaishan volcano, northeast China: A precursor of a future eruption?[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(16): 16305.
[40]	Xu J, Pan B, Liu T, et al. 2013. Climatic impact of the Millennium eruption of Changbaishan volcano in China: New insights from high-precision radiocarbon wiggle-match dating[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(1): 54—59. DOI URL