A CENTENNIAL PUZZLE OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE YANGTZE RIVER: RETROSPECTION AND PROGRESSES

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2023.01.001

SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY ›› 2023, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1): 1-28.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2023.01.001

A CENTENNIAL PUZZLE OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE YANGTZE RIVER: RETROSPECTION AND PROGRESSES

GUO Ru-jun¹⁾(), WEI Chuan-yi²⁾, LI Chang-an¹⁾^,³⁾^,^*(), ZHANG Yu-fen⁴⁾, LI Ya-wei¹⁾^,⁵⁾, SUN Xi-lin⁶⁾, ZHANG Zeng-jie⁷⁾, LENG Yong-hui¹⁾, SU Jian-chao¹⁾, LI Guo-nai¹⁾, LÜ Ling-yun¹⁾, CHEN Xu¹⁾^,³⁾, DING Zhi-qiang⁸⁾

1)School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2)State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
3)Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
4)Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
5)College of Tourism and Planning, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
6)Faculty of Resources and Environment Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
7)School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
8)School of Tourism and Geographical Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China

Received:2022-03-19 Revised:2022-09-27 Online:2023-02-20 Published:2023-03-24

长江演化百年谜题: 回溯与进展

郭汝军¹⁾(), 魏传义²⁾, 李长安¹⁾^,³⁾^,^*(), 张玉芬⁴⁾, 李亚伟¹⁾^,⁵⁾, 孙习林⁶⁾, 张增杰⁷⁾, 冷勇辉¹⁾, 苏建超¹⁾, 李国鼐¹⁾, 吕凌云¹⁾, 陈旭¹⁾^,³⁾, 丁智强⁸⁾

1)中国地质大学(武汉), 地理与信息工程学院, 武汉 430074
2)中国地震局地质研究所, 地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京 100029
3)中国地质大学(武汉), 流域关键带演化湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430074
4)中国地质大学(武汉), 地球物理与空间信息学院, 武汉 430074
5)平顶山学院, 旅游与规划学院, 平顶山 467000
6)湖北大学, 资源环境学院, 武汉 430062
7)中山大学, 地球科学与工程学院, 广州 510275
8)云南师范大学, 旅游与地理科学学院, 昆明 650500

通讯作者: * 李长安, 男, 1956年生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事地貌与第四纪地质方面的教学与研究, E-mail: chanli@cug.edu.cn。
作者简介:郭汝军, 男, 1993年生, 现为中国地质大学第四纪地质学专业在读博士研究生, 主要从事长江演化与物源示踪方面的研究, E-mail: rujunguogeology@gmail.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41671011);国家自然科学基金(42171008);国家自然科学基金(42002203)

Abstract

Abstract:

The evolution history of the great rivers is one of the most important subjects in earth science, especially, the capture events and changes of great rivers which originate from the inner area of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and flow into the ocean are hot problems for geomorphology and geology. The Yangtze River is a representative river link with the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and the Pacific Ocean, formation of the Yangtze River is considered an important mark ofthe Chinese landscape formation and the establishment of the modern geomorphic pattern of the East Asia. The evolution of the Yangtze River is closely linked to the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and the birth of the margin seas and monsoon evolution. In this study, we concluded the main debates on the evolution of the Yangtze River for more than one century, and the progresses of provenance analysis applied to the continental and sea basins of the Yangtze River in the past two decades. We collected the provenance analysis results from typical sedimentary depositions in the Yangtze River catchment, including the Xigeda Formation in the Panzhihua-Xichang area of the upper reaches, Cenozoic sedimentary of the Jianchuan Basin which is near the First Bend of Shigu, Gravel Layers in the middle and lower reaches, borehole sediment of the Jianghan Basin and Yangtze River Delta, and sediment of the marginal sea basins(Yinggehai Basin, Taiwan Island). We conclude that: 1)the debates on the evolution of the Yangtze River are still focused on two questions: when the Three Gorges was formed and whether south flowed off the palaeo-Jinsha River in the First Bend of the Shigu, but the debates have extended to the palaeo-drainage model in East Asia during the Cenozoic period, geomorphic formation history and exhumation-deposition process of the SE Tibet, high elevation-low relief surface formation in the SE margin of the Tibet and many important issues. 2)There is no consensus regarding the formation time and process of the Three Gorges and the First Bend, the formation time, process, and mechanism of the Yangtze River are still vigorously debated. There are mainly two views on the Miocene and early-middle Pleistocene for the formation time of the Yangtze River and mainly three paleo models of the upper Yangtze, south flow, east flow, and southeast flow. The provenance of gravel layers in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and boreholes sediment in the Jianghan Basin have complex source regions. Because of the extreme stability and multiple recycle of the detrital zircons, it is difficult to distinguish the provenance signals of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River effectively from the modern and Cenozoic sediment in basins based on the detrital zircon U-Pb age, whether the “Yangtze Gravel at Nanjin” represents the age of the Yangtze River is still strongly debated. There is still no agreement on the initial signal of the sediment of the upper Yangtze River from the boreholes record in the Jianghan Basin and the Yangtze River Delta. The boreholes deposition age is also controversial. The provenance implications of the Cenozoic sediment of the Jianchuan Basin and the Xigeda Formation for the south flow(east flow)of the Jinsha River are widely debated. The marginal sea sediment provenance signals that constrain the evolution model between the Yangtze and the Red River are also controversial. 3)There is a big difference between the drainage catchment of the paleo-Yangtze and modern Yangtze, in the provenance analysis of the sedimentary basins of the Yangtze River, suggesting constrain provenance area by multi-mineral and multi-index and strengthen the comparison between the continental and marginal sea basins. The evolution history of the Yangtze River will be reconstructed more comprehensively from the perspective of geomorphology, tectonic evolution, sedimentary paleogeography and climate change.

Key words: Yangtze River evolution, debates and progresses, provenance analysis, Three Gorges, First Bend

摘要：

长江的形成标志着中国地貌格局的形成与东亚现代地貌格局的建立。文中简述了百余年间长江演化研究的主要争论, 梳理了近20年来将物源示踪方法应用于长江演化研究的进展及得到的启示。通过对长江流域的典型沉积体系: 包括上游昔格达组、剑川盆地、中下游砾石层、江汉盆地、长江三角洲钻孔沉积及边缘海盆地(莺歌海盆地、台湾岛)的物源示踪结果进行归纳梳理, 笔者认为: 1)长江演化争论的焦点问题依旧是三峡贯通和石鼓第一弯的形成, 但争论的问题已拓宽至古水系模式、侵蚀-沉积过程、夷平面形成等诸多问题。 2)三峡贯通和石鼓第一弯形成的时代尚未取得共识, 即长江的形成时代和过程还存在争论。长江中下游砾石层和江汉盆地沉积物具有复杂的源区供应, 仅依靠碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学无法有效区分长江上游的物源信号; 江汉盆地和长江三角洲钻孔沉积记录对于三峡贯通的初始信号仍未达成一致; 剑川盆地和昔格达组沉积物的年代及其物源意义对于金沙江南流(东流)的指示意义存在广泛争论; 海洋沉积约束长江和红河水系演化模式的物源信号也存在争议。 3)在长江流域各沉积盆地进行物源研究时, 建议加强海陆沉积对比。从地貌-构造演化-沉积古地理-气候变迁的角度, 将能更加全面地重建长江演化的历史。

关键词: 长江演化, 争论与进展, 物源示踪, 长江三峡, 长江第一弯

CLC Number:

P597

GUO Ru-jun, WEI Chuan-yi, LI Chang-an, ZHANG Yu-fen, LI Ya-wei, SUN Xi-lin, ZHANG Zeng-jie, LENG Yong-hui, SU Jian-chao, LI Guo-nai, LÜ Ling-yun, CHEN Xu, DING Zhi-qiang. A CENTENNIAL PUZZLE OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE YANGTZE RIVER: RETROSPECTION AND PROGRESSES[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(1): 1-28.

郭汝军, 魏传义, 李长安, 张玉芬, 李亚伟, 孙习林, 张增杰, 冷勇辉, 苏建超, 李国鼐, 吕凌云, 陈旭, 丁智强. 长江演化百年谜题: 回溯与进展[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(1): 1-28.

Figures/Tables 9

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物源指标将钻孔划分为3个阶段, 阶段Ⅲ(109.56~117.0m)与前2个阶段的粒度参数均相差很大, 说明水动力条件显著增强, 混杂了远源物质。	示踪结果距今0.97~ 1.12Ma	三峡切穿时限马永法等, 2007	文献来源沉积物粒度和砾石砾态
环境磁学参数	在孔深100~110m附近, 稳定磁性矿物成分、沉积物磁化率、饱和等温剩磁、非磁滞剩磁磁化率值均出现突增, 说明三峡被切开, 接受上游的远源物质。	距今1.17~ 1.12Ma	张玉芬等, 2014
重矿物组合与指数	自钻孔岩心深度110m开始向上, 水动力条件加强, 沉积速率加快, 重矿物的数量特征发生明显突变, 特征矿物的组合与现代长江相同。	距今1.1Ma	康春国等, 2014
普通辉石特征	自钻孔深度104m开始向上, 普通辉石的含量明显增多, 种类也明显多样化, 且含钛普通辉石(玫瑰红色调)首次出现。	距今1.1Ma	杨建等, 2009, 2014
峨眉山玄武岩	钻孔中含峨眉山玄武岩岩屑的岩心层位最大深度为156m。	距今1.7Ma
稀土元素特征	钻孔深度108m以浅的沉积物与金沙江、嘉陵江沉积物的稀土元素特征最为相似, 主要物源区应该是金沙江和嘉陵江的沉积物。	距今1Ma	刘引迪等, 2011
碎屑锆石 U-Pb年龄	样品年龄峰值257Ma的出现表明长江沉积物中已含有峨眉山玄武岩成分, 2个年龄分别为(14.8±0.4)Ma和(16.5±0.3)Ma的锆石的出现, 预示着长江源头已到达青藏高原。	距今0.8Ma	Wang et al., 2010
微量及稀土元素分析	微量及稀土元素变化在1.25Ma BP以后变化微弱, 江汉盆地物源趋于稳定。	距今1.25Ma	袁胜元等, 2012
全岩Nd 同位素组成及稀土元素	于上新世第四纪交界处捕捉到了峨眉山玄武岩的物源信号, 与现今长江类似的古长江在第四纪之前就已存在并向江汉盆地提供物源。	第四纪之前	Shao et al., 2012, 2015
碎屑钾长石Pb 同位素	钻孔底部沉积物的Pb同位素组成即与松潘-甘孜褶皱带的Pb同位素重叠, 说明在晚上新世时青藏东缘已经是江汉盆地的物源区。	至少于晚上新世	Zhang et al., 2016
碎屑白云母 Ar-Ar年龄	在周老孔样品中检测到与大渡河样品重合的年轻白云母(年龄<70Ma), 这些年轻白云母在江汉盆地的周缘水系中均未出现。	距今2.8~1.2Ma	Sun et al., 2018
重矿物组合	将宜昌砾石层的重矿物组成与周老孔中的示踪指标(磁化率特征、元素组成、辉石含量)进行对比, 发现在距今1.12Ma出现长江上游水系的物质供应。	距今1.12Ma	Wei et al., 2020
碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学与重矿物组成	中新统地层中出现年龄<32Ma的锆石颗粒, 来自长江上游的羌塘地体和松潘-甘孜褶皱带。	晚渐新世早中新世	Yang C Q et al., 2019
碎屑锆石U-Pb 年代学	中新统沉积物中首次出现年龄<65Ma的新生代锆石颗粒, 这一锆石年龄是在长江上游的羌塘地块的特征年龄, 说明中新世之前长江上游并未向江汉盆地提供物源。	中新世	Guo et al., 2021

物源指标将钻孔划分为3个阶段, 阶段Ⅲ(109.56~117.0m)与前2个阶段的粒度参数均相差很大, 说明水动力条件显著增强, 混杂了远源物质。	示踪结果距今0.97~ 1.12Ma	三峡切穿时限马永法等, 2007	文献来源沉积物粒度和砾石砾态
环境磁学参数	在孔深100~110m附近, 稳定磁性矿物成分、沉积物磁化率、饱和等温剩磁、非磁滞剩磁磁化率值均出现突增, 说明三峡被切开, 接受上游的远源物质。	距今1.17~ 1.12Ma	张玉芬等, 2014
重矿物组合与指数	自钻孔岩心深度110m开始向上, 水动力条件加强, 沉积速率加快, 重矿物的数量特征发生明显突变, 特征矿物的组合与现代长江相同。	距今1.1Ma	康春国等, 2014
普通辉石特征	自钻孔深度104m开始向上, 普通辉石的含量明显增多, 种类也明显多样化, 且含钛普通辉石(玫瑰红色调)首次出现。	距今1.1Ma	杨建等, 2009, 2014
峨眉山玄武岩	钻孔中含峨眉山玄武岩岩屑的岩心层位最大深度为156m。	距今1.7Ma
稀土元素特征	钻孔深度108m以浅的沉积物与金沙江、嘉陵江沉积物的稀土元素特征最为相似, 主要物源区应该是金沙江和嘉陵江的沉积物。	距今1Ma	刘引迪等, 2011
碎屑锆石 U-Pb年龄	样品年龄峰值257Ma的出现表明长江沉积物中已含有峨眉山玄武岩成分, 2个年龄分别为(14.8±0.4)Ma和(16.5±0.3)Ma的锆石的出现, 预示着长江源头已到达青藏高原。	距今0.8Ma	Wang et al., 2010
微量及稀土元素分析	微量及稀土元素变化在1.25Ma BP以后变化微弱, 江汉盆地物源趋于稳定。	距今1.25Ma	袁胜元等, 2012
全岩Nd 同位素组成及稀土元素	于上新世第四纪交界处捕捉到了峨眉山玄武岩的物源信号, 与现今长江类似的古长江在第四纪之前就已存在并向江汉盆地提供物源。	第四纪之前	Shao et al., 2012, 2015
碎屑钾长石Pb 同位素	钻孔底部沉积物的Pb同位素组成即与松潘-甘孜褶皱带的Pb同位素重叠, 说明在晚上新世时青藏东缘已经是江汉盆地的物源区。	至少于晚上新世	Zhang et al., 2016
碎屑白云母 Ar-Ar年龄	在周老孔样品中检测到与大渡河样品重合的年轻白云母(年龄<70Ma), 这些年轻白云母在江汉盆地的周缘水系中均未出现。	距今2.8~1.2Ma	Sun et al., 2018
重矿物组合	将宜昌砾石层的重矿物组成与周老孔中的示踪指标(磁化率特征、元素组成、辉石含量)进行对比, 发现在距今1.12Ma出现长江上游水系的物质供应。	距今1.12Ma	Wei et al., 2020
碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学与重矿物组成	中新统地层中出现年龄<32Ma的锆石颗粒, 来自长江上游的羌塘地体和松潘-甘孜褶皱带。	晚渐新世早中新世	Yang C Q et al., 2019
碎屑锆石U-Pb 年代学	中新统沉积物中首次出现年龄<65Ma的新生代锆石颗粒, 这一锆石年龄是在长江上游的羌塘地块的特征年龄, 说明中新世之前长江上游并未向江汉盆地提供物源。	中新世	Guo et al., 2021

物源指标孔深189.8~215.8m之间(距今3.2~3.5Ma)沉积物的碎屑锆石年龄以100~150Ma居多, 主要来自长江下游的白垩纪岩体; 189.8m以浅沉积物的碎屑锆石年龄呈现多峰态分布, 始现长江上游的物源信息。	示踪结果不晚于距今3.2Ma	三峡切穿时限贾军涛等, 2010	文献来源碎屑锆石 U-Pb年代学
元素地球化学	距今约3.1Ma时, 钻孔中的元素比值都出现由高到低的显著变化; 而距今3.1Ma之后的元素比值变化不大, 说明晚上新世时本区物源曾发生重大变化, 表现为沉积物来源由近源转变为远源, 源岩由以酸性长英质矿物为主转变为以基性矿物为主。	晚上新世	黄湘通等, 2009
稀土元素(REE)和 Nd同位素	钻孔中上新世沉积物主要来自近源的近酸性物源区, 近似于长江中下游地区, 而第四纪沉积物则来自更广泛的物源区。	第四纪	杨守业等, 2007
重矿物组合	中更新世后, 重矿物种类更加丰富, 河口区逐渐接受了长江中下游和上游地区的物源。	中更新世	陈静等, 2007
磁化率与粒度	将钻孔分为4个阶段, 阶段Ⅰ(247~234m)沉积物的磁化率与粒度第1次发生突变, 指示物源区的扩张。	距今2.32~2.13Ma	舒强等, 2008
磁性矿物类型	晚更新世晚期出现细粒赤铁矿和磁铁矿, 认为是由长江上游物源的加入造成的。	晚更新世晚期	王张华等, 2008
岩石磁学特征	晚更新世晚期以来, 细颗粒沉积物的磁性明显增强, 反映现代长江三角洲地区的物源区不断扩大。	早更新世中期	张丹等, 2009
重矿物组合	距今7.75~6.89Ma阶段, 重矿物组合与长江干流相似, 矿物成熟度高, 物源区以远源为主。	距今7.75Ma以前	郑良烁, 2013
元素地球化学特征	在早更新世中期中更新世沉积物中检测到了峨眉山玄武岩的成分及碳酸盐。	距今1.0~1.2Ma	Gu et al., 2014
独居石 Th-U-Pb年代学、 REE、 Sr-Nd同位素	钻孔中的上新世沉积物主要由近源地区长英质多硅物质供给, 而第四纪沉积物中铁镁质的火成岩物质占比更大, 认为这来自于上游峨眉山地区; 独居石U-Pb年龄谱则表明上新世沉积物为现代长江下游的近源供给, 而年龄<25Ma的独居石来自上游滇藏地区, 其初现的层位代表长江贯通。	距今2.58Ma	Yang et al., 2006

物源指标孔深189.8~215.8m之间(距今3.2~3.5Ma)沉积物的碎屑锆石年龄以100~150Ma居多, 主要来自长江下游的白垩纪岩体; 189.8m以浅沉积物的碎屑锆石年龄呈现多峰态分布, 始现长江上游的物源信息。	示踪结果不晚于距今3.2Ma	三峡切穿时限贾军涛等, 2010	文献来源碎屑锆石 U-Pb年代学
元素地球化学	距今约3.1Ma时, 钻孔中的元素比值都出现由高到低的显著变化; 而距今3.1Ma之后的元素比值变化不大, 说明晚上新世时本区物源曾发生重大变化, 表现为沉积物来源由近源转变为远源, 源岩由以酸性长英质矿物为主转变为以基性矿物为主。	晚上新世	黄湘通等, 2009
稀土元素(REE)和 Nd同位素	钻孔中上新世沉积物主要来自近源的近酸性物源区, 近似于长江中下游地区, 而第四纪沉积物则来自更广泛的物源区。	第四纪	杨守业等, 2007
重矿物组合	中更新世后, 重矿物种类更加丰富, 河口区逐渐接受了长江中下游和上游地区的物源。	中更新世	陈静等, 2007
磁化率与粒度	将钻孔分为4个阶段, 阶段Ⅰ(247~234m)沉积物的磁化率与粒度第1次发生突变, 指示物源区的扩张。	距今2.32~2.13Ma	舒强等, 2008
磁性矿物类型	晚更新世晚期出现细粒赤铁矿和磁铁矿, 认为是由长江上游物源的加入造成的。	晚更新世晚期	王张华等, 2008
岩石磁学特征	晚更新世晚期以来, 细颗粒沉积物的磁性明显增强, 反映现代长江三角洲地区的物源区不断扩大。	早更新世中期	张丹等, 2009
重矿物组合	距今7.75~6.89Ma阶段, 重矿物组合与长江干流相似, 矿物成熟度高, 物源区以远源为主。	距今7.75Ma以前	郑良烁, 2013
元素地球化学特征	在早更新世中期中更新世沉积物中检测到了峨眉山玄武岩的成分及碳酸盐。	距今1.0~1.2Ma	Gu et al., 2014
独居石 Th-U-Pb年代学、 REE、 Sr-Nd同位素	钻孔中的上新世沉积物主要由近源地区长英质多硅物质供给, 而第四纪沉积物中铁镁质的火成岩物质占比更大, 认为这来自于上游峨眉山地区; 独居石U-Pb年龄谱则表明上新世沉积物为现代长江下游的近源供给, 而年龄<25Ma的独居石来自上游滇藏地区, 其初现的层位代表长江贯通。	距今2.58Ma	Yang et al., 2006

A CENTENNIAL PUZZLE OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE YANGTZE RIVER: RETROSPECTION AND PROGRESSES

长江演化百年谜题: 回溯与进展

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