SEISMOGENIC FAULT OF THE TANGSHAN MS5.1 EARTHQUAKE ON JULY 12, 2020 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL TECTONICS

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2024.05.001

Abstract

Abstract:

On July 12, 2020, a M5.1 earthquake occurred in the Guye District of Tangshan City. This earthquake is notable as the only moderate seismic event exceeding magnitude 5 in the Tangshan area over the past two decades. However, the exact seismogenic fault responsible for this earthquake remains undetermined, complicating efforts to assess future seismic risks in the region. Post-earthquake damage assessments revealed that the macroseismic damage was distributed along two primary fault zones: a long northwest(NW)trending band and a short northeast(NE)trending band. The most significant damage occurred at the intersection of these two bands. Based on the regional geological structure and stratigraphy, field surveys identified the NE-trending Tangshan-Guye fault as a Holocene-active fault, while the NW-trending Mozhouyu fault was classified as a Quaternary fault within the area of greatest damage. Analysis of Sentinel-1A InSAR time-series data revealed differential deformation along the Mozhouyu fault. Relocation results of earthquakes greater than magnitude 1.0 over the past decade in the Tangshan region showed seismic activity distributed in two primary bands. One band aligns with the NE-trending Tangshan-Guye fault, with concentrated activity at its intersection with the Mozhouyu fault. Following the M5.1 earthquake, multiple authorities determined that the focal mechanism indicated a strike-slip earthquake, with two conjugate planes oriented in the NE and NW directions. This finding is consistent with the alignments of the Tangshan-Guye and Mozhouyu faults. Through comprehensive analysis, including post-earthquake field surveys, regional deformation data, and the relocation of smaller seismic events, it was concluded that the surface damage from the Tangshan Guye earthquake followed both NE and NW orientations. Of the two intersecting faults in the damaged area, the Mozhouyu fault is a middle Pleistocene fault, while the Tangshan-Guye fault is the most significant Holocene-active fault in the region. The characteristics of these conjugate faults align with both the source parameters and relocated seismic sequences of the Tangshan Guye earthquake. The right-lateral strike-slip motion along the Tangshan fault zone, combined with regional NE—NEE-directed compressive stress, likely caused the Tangshan-Guye fault to be blocked by the Qinglongshan complex anticline during its eastward expansion. Subsurface data further indicate that the Qinglongshan complex anticline marks a boundary of regional physical property differences. Therefore, it is concluded that the Tangshan-Guye fault and the Mozhouyu fault were the conjugate seismogenic faults responsible for the M5.1 earthquake on July 12, 2020.

The Tangshan Guye earthquake is a typical moderate-intensity strike-slip event in the North China Plain. An analysis of 705 focal mechanism solutions from 2002 to 2020 indicates that most earthquakes in the region are predominantly strike-slip in nature. Historical strong earthquakes in the North China Plain also exhibit high-angle strike-slip faults as their primary seismogenic structures, a conclusion supported by extensive seismological research. A substantial body of seismic studies suggests that the failure of the North China Craton during the early Cenozoic was driven by crustal extension, resulting in the formation of listric(shovel-shaped)normal faults. However, these faults are no longer the main seismogenic structures for present-day earthquakes. Since the late Pleistocene, tectonic activity in the North China Plain has been characterized by the development of new, steeply dipping strike-slip faults, which cut through the older listric normal faults. These steep dip strike-slip faults have become the primary seismogenic structures responsible for regional seismicity. Future seismic hazard assessments in the North China Plain should focus on the activity of these steep dip faults, as they are more likely to generate significant earthquakes. This shift in tectonic stress is attributed to a combination of factors, including the eastward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau, the rigid deformation of the Ordos Block, and the westward subduction of the Pacific and Philippine plates. Since the late Pleistocene, these forces have redefined the tectonic landscape of the region, increasing the likelihood of strike-slip faulting.

Key words: 2020 Tangshan Guye earthquake, seismogenic fault, Mozhouyu Fault, Regional tectonics

摘要：

2020年唐山古冶5.1级地震是唐山地区继1995年古冶M5.0地震以后时隔20多年发生的又一次超过5级的地震, 但有关此次地震的发震断层尚无准确判定, 这增加了唐山地区未来地震危险区域的判断难度。文中基于唐山地区的构造活动特征分析, 结合震后应急科学考察、野外地质地貌调查、区域形变场数据、震源参数和小地震重定位等资料, 综合分析得出唐山古冶地震的地表宏观震害呈NE向和NW向十字交叉形态, 震害和应力集中区域内只有NW向的抹轴峪断裂为一条中更新世断层, NE向的唐山-古冶断裂是区域最重要的全新世活动断层, 且2条共轭断层的性质与唐山古冶地震的震源参数和地震序列重定位结果具有很好的一致性。由于唐山断裂带呈右旋走滑运动且区域主压应力方向为NE—NEE, 唐山-古冶断裂在向E扩展过程中受到青龙山复背斜的阻挡, 深部资料显示青龙山复背斜是区域物性差异的分界部位, 因此综合判定唐山-古冶断裂和抹轴峪断裂为唐山古冶地震的共轭发震断层。唐山古冶地震是华北平原一次典型的中等强度走滑型地震。晚更新世晚期以来, 华北平原内的地震以走滑型为主, 这是华北克拉通对来自青藏高原向E扩展的远程效应和太平洋、菲律宾板块向W俯冲共同作用下的应变响应。

关键词: 2020年唐山古冶地震, 发震断层, 抹轴峪断裂, 区域构造

CAO Jun, ZHOU Yi, GAO Chen, LIU Shu-feng, CHEN An, ZHANG Su-xin, FENG Xiang-dong, WU Peng, CHEN Zhao-dong. SEISMOGENIC FAULT OF THE TANGSHAN M_S5.1 EARTHQUAKE ON JULY 12, 2020 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL TECTONICS[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(5): 993-1011.

曹筠, 周依, 高晨, 刘书峰, 陈安, 张素欣, 冯向东, 吴鹏, 陈肇东. 2020年7月12日河北唐山5.1级地震发震断层判定及其区域构造意义[J]. 地震地质, 2024, 46(5): 993-1011.

Figures/Tables 12

Fig. 1 Regional seismotectonic map of northeast Tangshan(Fig 1a is modified from WEN Xue-ze et al., 2006).

Fig. 2 Disaster of severely damaged area of Tangshan Guye earthquake.

Fig. 3 Geomorphology and activity of the Mozhouyu Fault.

Fig. 4 Profile and geological interpretation of Baiyunshan Fault.

Fig. 5 Deformation field of northeast Tangshan based on InSAR data(2017-03—2019-03).

Fig. 6 Deformation rate distrbution of crossing Mozhouyu fault profile.

Table 1 Source parameters of Tangshan Guye earthquake from different institutions

震级	节面1			节面2			震源深度/km	机构
震级	走向	倾角	滑动角	走向	倾角	滑动角	震源深度/km	机构
M_S5.1	236°	49°	-164°	135°	78°	-42°	10	CENC
M_W5.0	236°	81°	-175°	145°	85°	-9°	23	GCMT
M_S5.2	243°	75°	-177°	152°	87°	-15°	25	IGPCEA
M_S5.1	238°	74°	-168°	145°	79°	-16°	19	HBEA

Fig. 7 Location of relocatied earthquake with ML≥1.0 and focal depth in Tangshan Guye area(2010-01—2020-12).

Fig. 8 Tectonic geological map around Qinglongshan anticline.

Fig. 9 Tectonic model of Tangshan Guye earthquake.

Fig. 10 Focal mechanism of earthquake ML≥2.5 in North China Plain(2002-01—2020-12).

Table 2 Source parameters of typical moderately strong earthquake in North China Plain

地震	节面1			节面2			来源	类型
地震	走向	倾角	滑动角	走向	倾角	滑动角	来源	类型
菏泽5.9级	136°	80°	43°	225°	85°	132°	刘万琴等(1989)	SS
苍山5.2级	140°	85°		230°	85°		王志才等(1999)	SS
文安5.1级	210°	80°	-150°	114°	61°	-12°	黄建平等(2009)	SS

References 49

[1]	蔡华昌, 张四昌, 杨家亮, 等. 1992. 1991年5月唐山5.1、5.3级地震震害评估[J]. 华北地震科学, 10(2): 10—19.
	CAI Hua-chang, ZHANG Si-chang, YANG Jia-liang, et al. 1992. Estimation on the Seismic hazard of the Tangshan M5.1 and M5.3 earthquakaes occurred in May of 1991[J]. North China Earthquake Sciences, 10(2): 10—19 (in Chinese).
[2]	刁桂苓, 张四昌, 孙佩卿, 等. 2006. 2006年7月4日文安5.1级地震[J]. 地震地质, 28(3): 497—502.
	DIAO Gui-ling, ZHANG Si-chang, SUN Pei-qing, et al. 2006. The M5.1 Wen’an earthquake of July 4, 2006[J]. Seismology and Geology, 28(3): 497—502 (in Chinese).
[3]	刁桂苓, 张四昌, 赵军, 等. 1999. 用现今小地震研究历史强震的震源断层: 以1830年河北磁县M71/2级地震为例[J]. 地震地质, 21(2): 121—126.
	DIAO Gui-ling, ZHANG Si-chang, ZHAO Jun, et al. 1999. The focal faults of historical great earthquakes inferred based on current small shocks taking an example of 1830 Cixian, Hebei, M71/2 earthquake[J]. Seismology and Geology, 21(2): 121—126 (in Chinese).
[4]	郭慧, 江娃利, 谢新生. 2011. 钻孔与探槽揭示1976年河北唐山 M_S7.8 地震发震构造晚第四纪强震活动[J]. 中国科学(地球科学), 41(7): 1009—1028.
	GUO Hui, JIANG Wa-li, XIE Xin-sheng. 2011. Late-Quaternary strong earthquakes on the seismogenic fault of the 1976 M_S7.8 Tangshan earthquake, Hebei, as revealed by drilling and trenching[J]. Science in China(Earth Sciences), 41(7): 1009—1028 (in Chinese).
[5]	郭蕾, 孙丽娜, 周依, 等. 2021. 唐山地区近十年地震的重定位研究[J]. 地震学报, 43(6): 706—715.
	GUO Lei, SUN Li-na, ZHOU Yi, et al. 2021. Relocation of earthquakes in Tangshan area in last decade[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 43(6): 706—715 (in Chinese).
[6]	虢顺民, 李志义, 程绍平, 等. 1977. 唐山地震区域构造背景和发震模式的讨论[J]. 地质科学, 12(4): 305—321.
	GUO Shun-min, LI Zhi-yi, CHENG Shao-ping, et al. 1977. Discussion on the Regional Structure background and the Seismogenic Model of the Tangshan Earthquake[J]. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 12(4): 305—321 (in Chinese).
[7]	国家地震局《一九七六年唐山地震》编辑组. 1982. 一九七六年唐山地震[M]. 北京: 地震出版社.
	State Seismological Bureau《1976 Tangshan Earthquake》Editorial Group. 1982 1976 Tangshan Earthquake[M]. Seismological Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
[8]	河北省区域地质矿产调查研究所. 2017. 中国区域地质志(河北志)[M]. 北京: 地质出版社.
	Hebei Institute of Regional Geology and Mineral Resources. 2017. Regional Geology of China(Hebei)[M]. Geology Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
[9]	黄建平, 倪四道, 傅容珊, 等. 2009. 综合近震及远震波形反演2006文安地震(M_W5.1)的震源机制解[J]. 地球物理学报, 52(1): 120—130.
	HUANG Jian-ping, NI Si-dao, FU Rong-shan, et al. 2009. Source mechanism of the 2006 M_W5.1 Wen’an earthquake determined from a joint inversion of local and teleseismic broadband waveform data[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 52(1): 120—130 (in Chinese).
[10]	黄星, 洪顺英, 金红林, 等. 2022. 嘉黎-崩错断裂现今变形特征分析[J]. 地球物理学进展, 37(1): 30—40.
	HANG Xing, HONG Shun-ying, JIN Hong-lin, et al. 2022. Analysis of current deformation characteristics of the Jiali-Bengcuo Fault[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 37(1): 30—40 (in Chinese).
[11]	江娃利, 张英礼. 1996. 河北磁县NWW向南山村-岔口活动断裂带活动特征与1830年磁县地震[J]. 地震地质, 18(4): 349—357.
	JIANG Wa-li, ZHANG Ying-li. 1996. Characteristics of the WNW trending Nanshancun-Chakou active fault in Cixian, Hebei Province and relationship with 1830 Cixian earthquake[J]. Seismology and Geology, 18(4): 349—357 (in Chinese).
[12]	雷生学, 刘建波, Weldon R J, 等. 2022. 1976年天津宁河 M_S6.9 地震发震构造的研究及其意义[J]. 第四纪研究, 42(3): 755—767.
	LEI Sheng-xue, LIU Jian-bo, Weldon R J, et al. 2022. Seismogenic structure of the 1976 Ninghe(Tianjin) M_S6.9 earthquake and its tectonic implications[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 42(3): 755—767 (in Chinese).
[13]	李海龙, 张长厚, 邹云, 等. 2008. 冀东马兰峪背斜南翼与西部倾伏端盖层变形特征及其构造意义[J]. 地质通报, 27(10): 1698—1708.
	LI Hai-long, ZHANG Chang-hou, ZOU Yun, et al. 2008. Tectonic deformation of the cover in the southern limb and western plunging zone of the Malanyu anticlinorium, eastern Hebei, and its tectonic implication[J]. Geological Bulletin of China, 27(10): 1698—1708 (in Chinese).
[14]	李赫, 董一兵, 王熠熙, 等. 2020. 永清 M_S4.3 地震和廊坊 M_S3.0 地震的发震构造研究[J]. 地震学报, 42(4): 392—405.
	LI He, DONG Yi-bing, WANG Yi-xi, et al. 2020. Seismogenic structure of Yongqing M_S4.3 and Langfang M_S3.0 earthquakes[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 42(4): 392—405 (in Chinese).
[15]	李赫, 谢祖军, 王熠熙, 等. 2019. 2017年9月4日临城M_L4.4地震震源参数及其揭示的构造意义[J]. 地震地质, 41(3): 670—689. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2019.03.009.
	LI He, XIE Zu-jun, WANG Yi-xi, et al. 2019. The source parameters and seismotectonic implications of the September 4, 2017 M_L4.4 Lingcheng earthquake[J]. Seismology and Geology, 41(3): 670—689 (in Chinese).
[16]	李志义, 虢顺民. 1979. 从地震构造看宁河6.9级余震与唐山主震的关系[J]. 地震地质, 1(4): 27—35.
	LI Zhi-yi, GUO Shun-min. 1979. On the relationship between the Ninghe 6.9 aftershock and the Tangshan earthquake from the viewpoint of seismotectonics[J]. Seismology and Geology, 1(4): 27—35 (in Chinese).
[17]	刘保金, 曲国胜, 孙铭心, 等. 2011a. 唐山地震区地壳结构和构造: 深地震反射剖面结果[J]. 地震地质, 33(4): 901—912. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2011.04.014.
	LIU Bao-jin, QU Guo-sheng, SUN Ming-xin, et al. 2011a. Crustal structures and tectonics of Tangshan earthquake area: Results from deep seismic reflection profiling[J]. Seismology and Geology, 33(4): 901—912 (in Chinese).
[18]	刘保金, 张先康, 陈颐, 等. 2011b. 三河-平谷8.0级地震区地壳结构和活动断裂研究: 利用单次覆盖深反射和浅层地震剖面[J]. 地球物理学报, 54(5): 1251—1259.
	LIU Bao-jin, ZHANG Xian-kang, CHEN Yi, et al. 2011b. Research on crustal structure and active fault in the Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake(M8.0)zone based on single-fold deep seismic reflection and shallow seismic reflection profiling[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 54(5): 1251—1259 (in Chinese).
[19]	刘蒲雄, 吕晓健. 2011. 唐山地震序列空间分布复杂性原因研究[J]. 地震, 31(4): 1—14.
	LIU Pu-xiong, LÜ Xiao-jian. 2011. On the causes of the spatial distribution complexity of the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake Sequence[J]. Earthquake, 31(4): 1—14 (in Chinese).
[20]	刘西林. 1996. 菏泽5.9级地震的发震构造及其前兆构造活动[J]. 地震学刊, 2:1—6, 80.
	LIU Xi-lin. 1996. Seismogenic structure and its precursory tectonic activity of M5.9 earthquake[J]. Journal of Seismology, 2:1—6, 80 (in Chinese).
[21]	刘万琴, 魏光兴, 周翠英. 1989. 1983年11月7日菏泽5.9级地震震源过程研究[J]. 地震学报, 11(3): 282—290.
	LIU Wan-qin, WEI Guang-xing, ZHOU Cui-ying. 1989. A study of the focal process of the Heze Earthquake(M_S=5.9), Shandong Province of November 7 1983[J]. Acta Seismological Sinica, 11(3): 282—290 (in Chinese).
[22]	苏幼坡, 王绍杰, 刘英利, 等. 1998. 1998年4月14日古冶4.7级地震房屋建筑震害调查与分析[J]. 河北冶金, (Z1): 88—93.
	SU You-po, WANG Shao-jie, LIU Ying-li, et al. 1998. Investigation and analysis to building damages caused by the Guye M4.7 earthquake occurred on April 14 of 1998[J]. Hebei Metallurgy, (Z1): 88—93 (in Chinese).
[23]	王椿镛, 王贵美, 林中洋, 等. 1993. 用深地震反射方法研究邢台地震区地壳细结构[J]. 地球物理学报, 36(4): 445—452.
	WANG Chun-yong, WANG Gui-mei, LIN Zhong-yang, et al. 1993. A study on crustal structure in Xingtai earthquake area based on deep seismic reflection profiling[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 36(4): 445—452 (in Chinese).
[24]	王华林, 耿杰. 1995. 关于1937年菏泽7级地震成因的探讨[J]. 高原地震, 7(3): 1—8.
	WANG Hua-lin, GENG Jie. 1995. Study on the Seismogenesis of Heze earthquake M_S=7.0 in 1937[J]. Plateau Earthquake Research, 7(3): 1—8 (in Chinese).
[25]	王景明, 郑文俊, 陈国顺, 等. 1981. 唐山地震地面主破裂带及地震成因探讨[J]. 地震研究, 4(4): 437—450.
	WANG Jing-ming, ZHENG Wen-jun, CHEN Guo-shun, et al. 1981. A study on the principal surface fracture belt and the cause of occurrence of the Tangshan earthquake[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 4(4): 437—450 (in Chinese).
[26]	王想, 周依, 陈婷, 等. 2021. 2020年7月12日唐山5.1级地震分析[J]. 地震工程学报, 43(6): 1280—1287.
	WANG Xiang, ZHOU Yi, CHEN Ting, et al. 2021. Analysis of the Tangshan M5.1 earthquake on July 12, 2020, China[J]Earthquake Engineering Journal, 43(6): 1280—1287 (in Chinese).
[27]	王亚玲, 蔡玲玲, 李冬圣, 等. 2021. 2020年7月12日河北唐山 M_S5.1 地震发震构造及唐山断裂带三维模型[J]. 华北地震科学, 39(3): 83—91.
	WANG Ya-ling, CAI Ling-ling, LI Dong-sheng, et al. 2021. The seismogenic structure of the Hebei Tangshan M_S5.1 earthquake on July 12, 2020 and three-dimensional modeling of Tangshan fault zone[J]. North China Earthquake Sciences, 39(3): 83—91 (in Chinese).
[28]	王志才, 晁洪太. 1999. 1995年山东苍山5.2级地震的发震构造[J]. 地震地质, 21(2): 20—25.
	WANG Zhi-chai, CHAO Hong-tai. 1999. The Seismogenic structure of the 1995 Cangshan M_S5.2 earthquake, Shandong Province[J]. Seismology and Geology, 21(2): 20—25 (in Chinese).
[29]	闻学泽, 马胜利. 2006. 唐山大地震对相邻断裂段地震复发的影响[J]. 自然科学进展, 16(10): 1346—1350.
	WEN Xue-ze, MA Sheng-li. 2006. Effect of Tangshan earthquake on earthquake recurrence in adjacent fault segment[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 16(10): 1346—1350 (in Chinese).
[30]	徐杰, 方仲景, 杨理华. 1988. 1966年邢台7.2级地震的构造背景和发震构造[J]. 地震地质, 10(4): 51—59.
	XU Jie, FANG Zhong-jing, YANG Li-hua. 1988. Tectonic background and causative fault of 1996 Xingtai M_S7.2 earthquake[J]. Seismology and Geology, 10(4): 51—59 (in Chinese).
[31]	徐杰, 牛娈芳, 王春华, 等. 1996. 唐山-河间-磁县新生地震构造带[J]. 地震地质, 18(3): 193—198.
	XU Jie, NIU Luan-fang, WANG Chun-hua, et al. 1996. Tangshan-Hejian-Cixian newly-generated seismotectonic zone[J]. Seismology and Geology, 18(3): 193—198 (in Chinese).
[32]	徐锡伟, 白鸾曦, 魏雷鸣, 等. 2019. 华北克拉通破坏区最新构造运动起始时间讨论[J]. 地球科学, 44(5): 1647—1660.
	XU Xi-wei, BAI Luan-xi, WEI Lei-ming, et al. 2019. Discussion on initiation time of the latest tectonic movement in break-up region of the North China Craton[J]. Earth Science, 44(5): 1647—1660 (in Chinese).
[33]	徐锡伟, 于贵华, 王峰, 等. 2000. 1966年邢台地震群的发震构造模型: 新生断层形成?先存活断层摩擦黏滑?[J]. 中国地震, 16(4): 364—378.
	XU Xi-wei, YU Gui-hua, WANG Feng, et al. 2000. Seismogenic model for the 1966 Xingtai earthquakes: Nucleation of New-born Fault or strick-slip of pre-existing fault?[J]. Earthquake Research in China, 16(4): 364—378 (in Chinese).
[34]	尤惠川, 徐锡伟, 吴建平, 等. 2002. 唐山地震深浅构造关系研究[J]. 地震地质, 24(4): 571—582.
	YOU Hui-chuan, XU Xi-wei, WU Jian-ping, et al. 2002. Study on the relationship between shallow and deep structures in the 1976 Tangshan earthquake area[J]. Seismology and Geology, 24(4): 571—582 (in Chinese).
[35]	张素欣, 边庆凯, 张子广, 等. 2020. 唐山断裂北段地震分布特征及其构造意义[J]. 地震研究, 43(2): 270—277.
	ZHANG Su-xin, BIAN Qing-kai, ZHANG Zi-guang, et al. 2020. Seismic distribution and tectonic significance of the northern segment of the Tangshan Fault[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 43(2): 270—277 (in Chinese).
[36]	张岳桥, 施炜, 董树文. 2019. 华北新构造: 印欧碰撞远场效应与太平洋俯冲地幔上涌之间的相互作用[J]. 地质学报, 93(5): 971—1001.
	ZHANG Yue-qiao, SHI Wei, DONG Shu-wen. 2019. Neotectonics of North China: Interplay between far-field effect of India-Eurasia collision and Pacific subduction related deep-seated mantle upwelling[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 93(5): 971—1001 (in Chinese).
[37]	周依, 王想, 孙丽娜. 2022. 2020-07-12河北唐山 M_S5.1 地震震源参数及发震构造分析[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 42(2): 172—175.
	ZHOU Yi, WANG Xiang, SUN Li-na. 2022. Source parameters and seismogenic structure analysis of the July 12, 2020 Tangshan M_S5.1 earthquake[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 42(2): 172—175 (in Chinese).
[38]	朱日祥. 2018. “华北克拉通破坏”重大研究计划结题综述[J]. 中国科学基金, 32(3): 282—290.
	ZHU Ri-xiang. 2018. Review of the achievements of major research plan on “Destruction of North China Craton”[J]. Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation, 32(3): 282—290 (in Chinese).
[39]	Butler R, Stewart G S, Kanamori H. 1979. The July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China, earthquake: A complex sequence of intraplate events[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 69(1): 207—220.
[40]	Du W X, Thurber C H, Eberhart-Philipps D. 2004. Earthquake relocation using cross-correlation time delay estimates verified with the bispectrum method[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94(3): 856—866.
[41]	Guo H, Jiang W L, Xie X S. 2017. Multiple faulting events revealed by trench analysis of the seismogenic structure of the 1976 M_S7.1 Luanxian earthquake, Tangshan region, China[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 147: 424—438.
[42]	Guo L, Qian J W, Zhang S X, et al. 2022. Seismicity and velocity structure of the 2020 M_S5.1 Tangshan earthquake[J]. Journal of Seismology, 26(2): 359—371.
[43]	Robinson R, Zhou S Y. 2005. Stress interactions within the Tangshan, China, earthquake sequence of 1976[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 95(6): 2501—2505.
[44]	Qi J F, Yang Q. 2010. Cenozoic Structural Deformation and Dynamic Processes of the Bohai Bay Basin Province, China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 27(4): 757—771.
[45]	Wang M, Shen Z K. 2020. Present-day crustal deformation of continental China derived from GPS and its tectonic implications[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 125(2): e2019JB018774.
[46]	Yu C, Li Z H, Penna N T. 2018. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction using a GPS-based iterative tropospheric decomposition model[J]. Remote Sensing of Enviroment, 24: 109—121.
[47]	Zhang Y G, Zheng W J, Wang Y J, et al. 2018. Contemporary deformation of the North China plain from global positioning system data[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 45: 1851—1859.
[48]	Zhao B, Zhang C H, Wang D Z, et al. 2017. Contemporary kinematics of the Ordos block, North China and its adjacent rift systems constrained by dense GPS observations[J]. Journal Asian Earth Science, 135: 257—267.
[49]	Zhu R X, Xu Y G, Zhu G, et al. 2012. Destruction of the North China Craton[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 55(10): 1565—1587.