A STUDY ON THE ALGORITHM FOR EXTRACTING EARTHQUAKE THERMAL INFRARED ANOMALIES BASED ON THE YEARLY TREND OF LST

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.03.014

Abstract

Abstract:

There are thermal infrared anomalies(TIA)before earthquake, and TIA has become one of the important parameters for assessing regional earthquake risk. However, not all of the surface infrared anomalies are related to tectonic activities or earthquakes. How to eliminate the influence of non-structural factors and extract the weak signals from strong disturbances is the key and difficult point for tectonic activities studies based on the thermal infrared remote sensing techniques. Land surface temperature(LST)background field is the basis for thermal infrared anomalies extraction. However, the established background fields in previous researches cannot eliminate the influence of climate changes, so the accuracy of thermal anomaly extraction is limited. Now an improved method is proposed. Combined with the periodic character of LST time series, harmonic analysis is lead into the process of LST background field establishment. Specifically, the yearly trend of LST is fitted based on Fourier Approximation method. As a new background field, the yearly trend is dynamic, includes the local and the yearly information. Then, based on the rule of "kσ", the earthquake anomalies, calculated by RST with the yearly trend of LST, can be extracted. At last, the effectiveness of the algorithm can be tested by the quantitative analysis of anomalies with anomaly area statistics, anomaly intensity statistics and distance index statistics. The Wenchuan earthquake was discussed again based on the proposed algorithm with MODIS land temperature products in 2008. The results show that, there were obvious pre-earthquake thermal anomalies along the Longmen Mountains faults with a longer time; but there were no anomalies when the earthquake happened; and the post-earthquake thermal anomalies occurred with much smaller amplitudes and scopes. Compared with the results derived from the traditional RST which is based on the spatial average of LST values, the TIA extracted by the new RST, which is based on the yearly trend of LST, is more fit with the active faults, and the process of the anomalies occurring and removing can be described in more detail. Therefore, as the background field to extract earthquake anomalies, the yearly trend of LST is more reliable.

Key words: earthquake thermal anomalies, LST background field, Fourier Approximation, the yearly trend, Wenchuan earthquake

摘要：

地震发生前普遍存在的热红外辐射异常现象，是当前评估区域发震危险性的重要参数之一。然而，并非所有的地表红外异常都与构造活动或地震有关，如何排除非构造因素对地表热红外辐射的影响，从强噪声背景中提取微弱信号，是当前利用热红外遥感技术研究构造活动的难点。地表温度（LST）背景场是热异常提取的基础，而以往研究中所建立的背景场不能有效反映当年气候变化对其的影响，造成热异常提取精度受限。为此，文中在提取热异常的过程中对背景场进行了改进，结合地表温度时间序列的周期性特征，引入谐波分析，采用傅里叶逼近的方法拟合地表温度离散时序，从中提取其年趋势，建立1个动态的、同时包含局地信息和年际特征的、更加可靠的地表温度背景场；将其引入RST模型，基于“kσ”准则识别地震热异常信息；最终采用异常方向、异常强度和距离指数这3个指标对异常结果进行分析，验证算法的有效性。利用MODIS地表温度产品，基于所提算法对2008年汶川地震进行了再研究，结果表明：1）汶川地震前存在明显的热异常，沿龙门山断裂呈带状分布，持续时间较长；2）发震期无明显的异常现象；3）震后热异常的发生具有循环往复性，但异常幅度和影响范围明显缩小。与传统的空间温度均值RST算法异常提取结果相比，文中方法所提取的热异常在空间分布上与活动断裂带更为吻合，对异常的产生消散过程刻画更加细致，表明以地表温度年趋势作为地震构造热异常提取的背景场更加可靠。

关键词: 地震热异常, 地表温度背景场, 傅里叶逼近, 年趋势, 汶川地震

CLC Number:

P315.72⁺8

SONG Dong-mei, ZANG Lin, SHAN Xin-jian, YUAN Yuan, CUI Jian-yong, SHAO Hong-mei, SHEN Chen, SHI Hong-tao. A STUDY ON THE ALGORITHM FOR EXTRACTING EARTHQUAKE THERMAL INFRARED ANOMALIES BASED ON THE YEARLY TREND OF LST[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(3): 680-695.

宋冬梅, 臧琳, 单新建, 袁媛, 崔建勇, 邵红梅, 沈晨, 时洪涛. 基于LST年趋势背景场的地震热异常提取算法[J]. 地震地质, 2016, 38(3): 680-695.

References

陈梅花, 邓志辉, 马晓静, 等. 2008. 断裂带内外温差法在震前红外异常研究中的应用［J］. 地震地质, 29(4):863-872.
CHEN Mei-hua, DENG Zhi-hui, MA Xiao-jing, et al. 2008. Application of the inside-outside temperature relation analysis method in study on satellite infrared anomalies prior to earthquake［J］. Seismology and Geology, 29(4):863-872(in Chinese).
陈顺云. 2006. 提取现今构造活动信息的定量热红外遥感方法研究［D］. 北京:中国地震局地质研究所.1-62.
CHEN Shun-yun. 2006. A study on the quantitative thermal infrared remote sensing method for extracting information of current tectonic activity［D］. Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration,Beijing. 1-62(in Chinese).
陈顺云, 刘培洵, 刘力强, 等. 2006. 地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义［J］. 地球物理学报, 49(3):824-830.
CHEN Shun-yun, LIU Pei-xun, LIU Li-qiang, et al. 2006. Wavelet analysis of thermal infrared radiation of land surface and its implication in the study of current tectonic activities［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 49(3):824-830(in Chinese).
郭晓, 张元生, 魏从信, 等. 2014. 汶川8.0级和仲巴6.8级地震中波红外热辐射异常［J］. 地球学报, 35(3):338-344.
GUO Xiao, ZHANG Yuan-sheng, WEI Cong-xin, et al. 2014. Medium wave infrared brightness anomalies of Wenchuan 8.0 and Zhongba 6.8 Earthquakes［J］. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 35(3):338-344(in Chinese).
李光强. 2009. 时空异常探测理论与方法［D］. 长沙:中南大学. 15-128.
LI Guang-qiang. 2009. Theories and methods of spatio-temporal outliers detection［D］. Central South University, Changsha. 15-128(in Chinese).
李岳生. 1978. 数值逼近［M］. 北京:人民教育出版社.
LI Yue-sheng. 1978. Numerical Approximation［M］. People's Education Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
梁志国. 2003. 周期信号的谐波分析述评［J］. 计量技术, 2:3-5.
LIANG Zhi-guo. 2003. Harmonic analysis of periodic signal［J］. Measurement Technique, 2:3-5(in Chinese).
强祖基, 孔令昌, 郭满红, 等. 1997. 卫星热红外增温机制的实验研究［J］. 地震学报, 19(2):197-201.
QIANG Zu-ji, KONG Ling-chang, GUO Man-hong, et al. 1997. The experimental study on the satellite thermal infrared heating mechanism［J］. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 19(2):197-201(in Chinese).
强祖基, 徐秀登, 赁常恭. 1990. 卫星热红外异常:临震前兆［J］. 科学通报, 35(17):1324-1327.
QIANG Zu-ji, XU Xiu-deng, LIN Chang-gong. 1990. Satellite thermal infrared anomalies:The pre-earthquake precursors［J］. Chinese Science Bulletin, 35(17):1324-1327(in Chinese).
强祖基, 姚清林, 魏乐军, 等. 2009. 从震前卫星热红外图像看中国现今构造应力场特征［J］. 地球学报, 30(6):873-884.
QIANG Zu-ji, YAO Qing-lin, WEI Le-jun, et al. 2009. The characteristic of current stress hot field by satellite thermal infrared image in China［J］. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 30(6):873-884(in Chinese).
宋冬梅, 时洪涛, 单新建, 等. 2015. 基于热异常信息与BP神经网络的中强地震预测试验［J］. 地震地质, 37(2):649-660. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.02.025.
SONG Dong-mei, SHI Hong-tao, SHAN Xin-jian, et al. 2015. A tentative test on moderately strong earthquake prediction on China based on thermal anomaly information and BP neural network［J］. Seismology and Geology, 37(2):649-660(in Chinese).
苏红, 刘峻明, 王春艳, 等. 2014. 基于时间序列MODIS LST产品的重构研究［J］. 中国农业科技导报, 16(5):99-107.
SU Hong, LIU Jun-ming, WANG Chun-yan, et al. 2014. Studies on reconstructing MODIS LST products based on time series［J］. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 16(5):99-107(in Chinese).
王亚丽, 陈桂华, 康春丽, 等. 2008. 利用小波包分析进行地震相关热红外辐射异常信息检测［J］. 地球物理学进展, 23(2):368-374.
WANG Ya-li, CHEN Gui-hua, KANG Li-chun, et al. 2008. Earthquake-related thermal infrared abnormity detection with wavelet packet decomposition［J］. Progress in Geophysics, 23(2):368-374(in Chinese).
温少妍. 2011. 地震构造区红外亮温背景场建立及异常提取方法研究［D］. 青岛:中国石油大学. 1-75.
WEN Shao-yan. 2011. A study on the brightness temperature background field foundation and the method for extracting anomalies of thermal infrared in seismotectonic area［D］. China University of Petroleum,Qingdao. 1-75(in Chinese).
吴立新, 刘善军, 吴育华, 等. 2004a. 遥感-岩石力学(Ⅰ):非连续组合断层破裂的热红外辐射规律及其构造地震前兆意义［J］. 岩石力学与工程学报, 23(1):24-30.
WU Li-xin, LIU Shan-jun, WU Yu-hua, et al. 2004a. Remote Sensing-Rock Mechanics(Ⅰ):Laws of thermal infrared radiation from fracturing of discontinuous jointed faults and its meanings for tectonic earthquake omens［J］. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 23(1):24-30(in Chinese).
吴立新, 刘善军, 吴育华, 等. 2004b. 遥感-岩石力学(Ⅱ):断层双剪黏滑的热红外辐射规律及其构造地震前兆意义［J］. 岩石力学与工程学报, 23(2):192-198.
WU Li-xin, LIU Shan-jun, WU Yu-hua, et al. 2004b. Remote Sensing-Rock Mechanics(Ⅱ):Laws of thermal infrared radiation from viscosity-sliding of bi-sheared faults and its meanings for tectonic earthquake omens［J］. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 23(2):192-198(in Chinese).
吴立新, 刘善军, 吴育华, 等. 2004c. 遥感-岩石力学(Ⅳ):岩石压剪破裂的热红外辐射规律及其地震前兆意义［J］. 岩石力学与工程学报, 23(4):539-544.
WU Li-xin, LIU Shan-jun, WU Yu-hua, et al. 2004c. Remote Sensing-Rock Mechanics(Ⅳ):Laws of thermal infrared radiation from compressively-sheared fracturing of rock and its meanings for tectonic earthquake omens［J］. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 23(4):539-544(in Chinese).
闫亮. 2011. 龙门山活动构造与汶川地震地表破裂研究［D］. 成都:成都理工大学. 14-91.
YAN Liang. 2011. Study on the active tectonics in Longmen Mountain area and surface rupture of Wenchuan earthquake［D］. Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu. 14-91(in Chinese).
易桂喜, 龙锋, 张致伟. 2012. 汶川M_S8.0地震余震震源机制时空分布特征［J］. 地球物理学报, 55(4):1213-1227.
YI Gui-xi, LONG Feng, ZHANG Zhi-wei. 2012. Spatial and temporal variation of focal mechanisms for aftershocks of the 2008 M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 55(4):1213-1227(in Chinese).
张璇, 张元生, 魏从信, 等. 2013a. 云南彝良5.7级地震前卫星热红外异常［J］. 地震工程学报, 35(1):171-176.
ZHANG Xuan, ZHANG Yuan-sheng, WEI Cong-xin, et al. 2013a. Thermal infrared anomaly prior to Yiliang of Yunnan M_S5.7 earthquake［J］. China Earthquake Engineering Journal, 35(1):171-176(in Chinese).
张璇, 张元生, 魏从信, 等. 2013b. 四川芦山7.0级地震卫星热红外异常解析［J］. 地震工程学报, 35(2):272-277.
ZHANG Xuan, ZHANG Yuan-sheng, WEI Cong-xin, et al. 2013b. Analysis of thermal infrared anomaly before the Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake［J］. Earthquake Engineering Journal, 35(2):272-277(in Chinese).
张元生, 郭晓, 钟美娇, 等. 2010. 汶川地震卫星热红外亮温变化［J］. 科学通报, 55(10):904-910.
ZHANG Yuan-sheng, GUO Xiao, ZHONG Mei-jiao, et al. 2010. The satellite thermal infrared brightness temperature changes of Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55(10):904-910(in Chinese).
邹剑, 陈进, 耿遵敏. 2002. 波形恢复中最佳傅里叶滤波器的理论及应用［J］. 振动工程学报, 15(2):239-242.
ZOU Jian, CHEN Jin, GENG Zun-min. 2002. Theory and application of optimal Fourier-filter for waveform recovery［J］. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 15(2):239-242(in Chinese).
Choudhury S, Dasgupta S, Saraf A K, et al. 2006. Remote sensing observations of pre-earthquake thermal anomalies in Iran［J］. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(20):4381-4395.
Genzano N, Aliano C, Corrado R, et al. 2009. RST analysis of MSG-SEVIRI TIR radiances at the time of the Abruzzo 6 April 2009 earthquake［J］. Natural Hazards & Earth System Sciences, 9(6):2073-2084.
Genzano N, Aliano C, Filizzola C, et al. 2007. A robust satellite technique for monitoring seismically active areas:The case of Bhuj-Gujarat earthquake［J］. Tectonophysics, 431(1-4):197-210.
Jiang S Y, Li Q H, Li K L, et al. 2003. A new approach for mining local outlier［C］//International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 1:157-162.
Ouzounov D, Pulinets S, Taylor P, et al. 2006. Satellite thermal IR phenomena associated with some of the major earthquakes in 1999-2003［J］. Physics & Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C, 31(4-9):154-163.
Panda S K, Choudhury S, Saraf A K, et al. 2006. MODIS land surface temperature data detects thermal anomaly preceding 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake［J］. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(20):4587-4596.
Pergola N, Aliano C, Coviello I, et al. 2010. Using RST approach and EOS-MODIS radiances for monitoring seismically active regions:A study on the 6 April 2009 Abruzzo earthquake［J］. Natural Hazards & Earth System Sciences, 10(2):239-249.
Qiang Z J, Dian C G, Li L Z, et al. 1999. Atellitic thermal infrared brightness temperature anomaly image:Short-term and impending earthquake precursors［J］. Science in China, 42(3):313-324.
Qiang Z J, Dian C G. Wang X J. 1992. Satellite thermal infrared anomalous temperature increase and impending earthquake precursor［J］. Chinese Science Bulletin, 83(19):1642-1646.
Qiang Z J, Xu X D, Dian C G. 1997. Case 27 thermal infrared anomaly precursor of impending earthquakes［J］. Pure & Applied Geophysics, 149(1):159-171.
Saradjian M R, Akhoondzadeh M. 2011. Thermal anomalies detection before strong earthquakes(M>6.0) using interquartile, wavelet and Kalman filter methods［J］. Natural Hazards & Earth System Science, 11(4):1099-1108.
Saraf A K, Choudhury S. 2005a. NOAA-AVHRR detects thermal anomaly associated with the 26 January 2001 Bhuj earthquake, Gujarat, India［J］. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26(6):1065-1073.
Saraf A K, Choudhury S. 2005b. Thermal remote sensing technique in the study of pre-earthquake thermal anomalies［J］. J Ind Geophys Union, 9(3):197-207.
Saraf A K, Rawat V, Banerjee P, et al. 2008. Satellite detection of earthquake thermal infrared precursors in Iran［J］. Natural Hazards, 47(1):119-135.
Saraf A K, Rawat V, Das J, et al. 2012. Satellite detection of thermal precursors of Yamnotri, Ravar and Dalbandin earthquakes［J］. Natural Hazards, 61(2):861-872.
Tramutoli V, Aliano C, Corrado R, et al. 2013. On the possible origin of thermal infrared radiation(TIR)anomalies in earthquake-prone areas observed using robust satellite techniques(RST)［J］. Chemical Geology, 339(2):157-168.
Tronin A A. 2000. Thermal IR satellite sensor data application for earthquake research in China［J］. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21(16):3169-3177.
Tronin A A. 2006. Remote sensing and earthquakes:A review［J］. Physics & Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/b/c, 31(4-9):138-142.
Tronin A A, Biagi P F, Molchanov O A, et al. 2004. Temperature variations related to earthquakes from simultaneous observation at the ground stations and by satellites in Kamchatka area［J］. Physics & Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/b/c, 29(4-9):501-506.
Tronin A A, Hayakawa M, Molchanov O A. 2002. Thermal IR satellite data application for earthquake research in Japan and China［J］. Journal of Geodynamics, 33(4-5):519-534.
Wei L J, Guo J F, Lu J H, et al. 2009. Satellite thermal infrared earthquake precursor to the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake in Sichuan, China, and its analysis on geo-dynamics［J］. Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition, 83(4):767-775.
Yang Y Z, Guo G M. 2010. Studying the thermal anomaly before the Zhangbei earthquake with MTSAT and meteorological data［J］. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31(11):2783-2791.
Yao Q L, Qiang Z J. 2012. Thermal infrared anomalies as a precursor of strong earthquakes in the distant future［J］. Natural Hazards, 62(3):991-1003.

[1]	SONG Dong-mei, WANG Hui, SHAN Xin-jian, WANG Bin, CUI Jian-yong. A NOVEL EXTRACTION METHOD OF PRE-EARTHQUAKE GRACE GRAVITY ANOMALY INFORMATION BASED ON MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1539-1556.
[2]	CHEN Li-juan, CHEN Xue-zhong, LI Yan-e, GONG Li-wen. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DECREASING AMPLITUDE OF b-VALUE AND THE SEISMOGENIC ZONE OF THE WENCHUAN M_S8.0 EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(4): 1046-1058.
[3]	WANG Xiao-shan, WAN Yong-ge. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CRUSTAL STRESS FIELD AND ITS DIRECTION CONVERGENCE BEFORE THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(2): 363-377.
[4]	GUO Shu-song, ZHU Yi-qing, XU Yun-ma, LIU Fang, ZHAO Yun-feng, ZHANG Guo-qing, ZHU Hui. GRAVITY EVIDENCE OF META-INSTABLE STATE BEFORE THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY, 2021, 43(6): 1368-1380.
[5]	LAN Jian, CHEN Xiao-li. EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY 2008 M_S8.0 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE IN YINGXIU AREA [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2020, 42(1): 125-146.
[6]	ZHU Chuan-hua, SHAN Xin-jian, ZHANG Guo-hong, JIAO Zhong-hu, ZHANG Ying-feng, LI Yan-chuan, QIAO Xin. TWO DIMENSIONAL MODEL ON RELATION BETWEEN THERMAL ANOMALY BEFORE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE AND TECTONIC STRESS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(6): 1497-1510.
[7]	SONG Dong-mei, XIANG Liang, SHAN Xin-jian, YIN Jing-yuan, WANG Bin, CUI Jian-yong. THE METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING IONOSPHERIC TEC BACKGROUND FIELD BASED ON SVR MODEL [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(6): 1511-1528.
[8]	MA Si-yuan, XU Chong, WANG Tao, LIU Jia-mei. APPLICATION OF TWO SIMPLIFIED NEWMARK MODELS TO THE ASSESSMENT OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(3): 774-788.
[9]	XU Zhi-ping, WANG Fu-yun, JIANG Lei, ZHAO Yan-na, YANG Li-pu, TANG Lin. THE THREE DIMENSIONAL DENSITY STRUCTURE OF CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE IN THE CENTRAL-SOUTHERN PART OF LONGMENSHAN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(1): 84-98.
[10]	YIN De-yu, LIU Qi-fang, LIU Chang, JI Xin-yang. ESTIMATING THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE PROCESS USING NEAR FIELD STRONG MOTION RECORDS AND COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(3): 698-717.
[11]	ZHAO You-jia, ZHANG Guo-hong, ZHANG Ying-feng, SHAN Xin-jian, QU Chun-yan. TWO-DIMENSIONAL WHOLE CYCLE SIMULATION OF SPONTANE-OUS RUPTURE OF THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE USING THE CONTINUOUS-DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(1): 12-26.
[12]	LIU Yuan-zheng, MA Jin, MA Wen-tao, JIANG Tong. INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE HEAD CHANGE AND ITS CHANGE RATE ON RESERVOIR TRIGGERED SEISMICITY -A CASE STUDY OF ZIPINGPU RESERVOIR [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2017, 39(3): 437-450.
[13]	YAO Lu, MA Sheng-li, WANG Yu, HE Hong-lin, CHEN Jian-ye, YANG Xiao-song, SHIMAMOTO Toshihiko. THE VITRINITE REFLECTANCE OF FAULT ROCKS FROM THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE FAULT ZONE: CONSTRAINTS ON FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE FAULT DURING THE EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(4): 817-829.
[14]	WEI Ben-yong, SU Gui-wu. ASSESSMENT ON INDIRECT ECONOMIC LOSS OF WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER BASED ON INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(4): 1082-1094.
[15]	HUANG Bei, ZHANG Pei-zhen, ZHANG Dong-li, LI Xiao-jun. the faulting characteristics of 2008 wenchuan m_s8.0 earthquake and its relation with strong ground motion [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2015, 37(4): 1055-1069.