WAVELET MAXIMA METHOD IN IDENTIFYING SINGULARITIES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNAL

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.03.008

Abstract

Abstract:

Wavelet maxima method as a kind of data mining method has been applied to earthquake science research, which gives us a direct way to identify the singularities of different time and frequencies in the long time observations. This paper introduces how to identify the electromagnetic anomalies using the wavelet maxima, i.e., the wavelet coefficients are calculated by using continuous wavelet transform and then calculate the maximum value of wavelet coefficients in each scale and identify the singularities associated with the earthquake. The identified singularities are further examined by Lipschitz-exponent α. The proposed method has been employed using the 35 days' data of the electromagnetic field recorded in Baosheng station in Sichuan after the Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake, and three electromagnetic anomalies are collected, then, the relationships between the electromagnetic anomalies and the earthquakes are discussed. This method cannot give a certain relationship between the electromagnetic anomaly and earthquake, but it proves the method's effectiveness in extracting the electromagnetic anomaly in continuous observation data.

Key words: wavelet transformation, wavelet maxima, Lipschitz-exponent, singularities of electromagnetic field

摘要：

小波极大值法作为一种数据挖掘技术已经受到关注, 并在地震科学研究领域开始进行应用研究.它能在长时间的观测数据中快速提取出不同时间、不同频率的有关异常信息.文中介绍了如何应用小波极大值法提取电磁场异常信息, 即利用连续小波变换计算小波系数, 计算各尺度小波系数的极大值, 结合表征信号奇异性的Lipschitz指数分析异常的真实性, 进而研究极大值在时间分布上的特点或规律, 捕捉有关的电磁异常现象.利用该方法对2013年4月20日四川芦山7.0级地震后35d的连续观测的电磁场数据进行了分析, 发现存在3次电磁场异常, 探讨了这些异常可能与地震活动性之间存在的关系.尽管用这种方法尚不能确定发现的电磁场异常现象与地震有某种特定的关系, 但是证明了小波极大值方法在连续观测数据中提取电磁异常现象的有效性.

关键词: 小波变换, 小波极大值, Lipschitz指数, 电磁异常

CLC Number:

P315.72

HAN Bing, TANG Ji, ZHAO Guo-ze, BI Ya-xin, WANG Li-feng, CHENG Yuan-zhi. WAVELET MAXIMA METHOD IN IDENTIFYING SINGULARITIES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNAL[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2015, 37(3): 765-779.

韩冰, 汤吉, 赵国泽, 毕亚新, 王立凤, 程远志. 小波极大值方法及其在电磁异常信号提取中的应用[J]. 地震地质, 2015, 37(3): 765-779.

References

陈顺云, 刘培洵, 刘力强, 等. 2006. 地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义［J］. 地球物理学报, 49(3): 824—830.
CHEN Shun-yun, LIU Pei-xun, LIU Li-qiang, et al. 2006. Wavelet analysis of thermal infrared radiation of land surface and its implementation in the study of current tectonic activities［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 49(3): 824—830(in Chinese).
程俊, 张璞, 戴善荣, 等. 1995. 小波变换用于信号突变的检测［J］. 通信学报, 16(3): 96—104.
CHENG Jun, ZHANG Pu, DAI Shan-rong, et al. 1995. Singularity detection of signals with wavelet transform［J］. Journal of China Institute of Communications, 16(3): 96—104(in Chinese).
杜学彬. 2010. 在地震预报中的2类视电阻率变化［J］. 中国科学(D辑), 40(10): 1321—1330.
DU Xue-bin. 2010. Two types of changes in apparent resistivity in earthquake prediction［J］. Science in China(Ser D), 40(10): 1321—1330(in Chinese).
范莹莹, 杜学彬, Jacques Zlotnicki, 等. 2010. 汶川M_S8.0大震前的电磁现象［J］. 地球物理学报, 53(12): 2887—2898.
FAN Ying-ying, DU Xue-bin, Jacques Zlotnicki, et al. 2010. The electromagnetic phenomena before the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 53(12): 2887—2898(in Chinese).
高曙德, 汤吉, 杜学彬, 等. 2010. 汶川8.0级地震前后电磁场的变化特征［J］. 地球物理学报, 53(3): 512—525.
GAO Shu-de, TANG Ji, DU Xue-bin, et al. 2010. The change characteristics of electromagnetic field before to after Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 53(3): 512—525(in Chinese).
李树华. 2004. 云南大姚6.2级、6.1级地震前电磁异常特征分析［J］. 地震电磁观测与研究, 25(5): 1—10.
LI Shu-hua. 2004. Analysis on characteristics of geoelectric and geomagnetic anomaly before the Dayao earthquake with M_S6.2 and M_S6.1 in Yunnan Province［J］. Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research, 25(5): 1—10(in Chinese).
刘君, 杜学彬, Jacques Zlotnicki, 等. 2011. 几次大震前的地面和空间电磁场变化［J］. 地球物理学报, 54(11): 2885—2897.
LIU Jun, DU Xue-bin, Jacques Zlotnicki, et al. 2011. The change of the ground and ionosphere electric/magnetic fields before several great earthquakes［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 54(11): 2885—2897(in Chinese).
孙维怀, 汤吉, 张平, 等. 2012. 云南ELF电磁观测资料的异常特征分析［J］. 地震地质, 34(3): 488—499.
SUN Wei-huai, TANG Ji, ZHANG Ping, et al. 2012. Reaserch on the characteristics of anomalies in ELF electromagnetic observation in Yunnan Province［J］. Seismology and Geology, 34(3): 488—499(in Chinese).
汤吉, 詹艳, 王立凤, 等. 2010. 汶川地震强余震的电磁同震效应［J］. 地球物理学报, 53(3): 526—534.
TANG Ji, ZHAN Yan, WANG Li-feng, et al. 2010. Coseismic signal associated with aftershock of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Seismology and Geology, 53(3): 526—534(in Chinese).
汤吉, 赵国泽, 陈小斌, 等. 2007. 地震电磁卫星荷载及现状［J］. 地球物理学进展, 22(3): 679—686.
TANG Ji, ZHAO Guo-ze, CHEN Xiao-bin, et al. 2007. Introduction of payload for electro-magnetic emissions on seismic satellite［J］. Progress in Geophysics, 22(3): 679—686(in Chinese).
熊攀. 2009. 小波方法在地震遥感数据异常信息提取中应用［D］:［学位论文］. 北京: 中国地震局地震预测研究所.
XIONG Pan. 2009. Wavelet-based methods for detecting earthquake information in remote sensing data［D］. Dissertation. Institute of Earthquake Science, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing(in Chinese).
熊攀, 申旭辉, 毕亚新, 等. 2009. 小波极大值法在长波辐射地震异常信息提取中的应用［J］. 地震, 29: 98—104.
XIONG Pan, SHEN Xu-hui, BI Ya-xin, et al. 2009. Detection of earthquake anomalies from outgoing longwave radiation data using wavelet maxima［J］. Earthquake, 29: 98—104(in Chinese).
徐光晶, 汤吉, 陈小斌, 等. 2009. 云南宁洱M_S6.4地震震后电磁效应［J］. 地震地质, 31(2): 305—312.
XU Guang-jing, TANG Ji, CHEN Xiao-bin, et al. 2009. Electromagnetic effect associated with aftershock of the M_S6.4 Ning'er earthquake［J］. Seismology and Geology, 31(2): 305—312(in Chinese).
张蓓, 曾中超, 方广有, 等. 2010. 汶川地震及其余震期间的ElF电磁异常［J］. 地震学报, 32(5): 625—630.
ZHANG Bei, ZENG Zhong-chao, FANG Guang-you, et al. 2010. ELF electromagnetic emissions observed by the DEMETER satellite before the 2008 M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershocks［J］. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 32(5): 625—630(in Chinese).
张建国, 焦立果, 刘晓灿, 等. 2013. 汶川8.0级地震前后ULF电磁辐射频谱特征研究［J］. 地球物理学报, 56(4): 1253—1261.
ZHANG Jian-guo, JIAO Li-guo, LIU Xiao-can, et al. 2013. A study on the characteristics of ULF electromagnetic spectrum before and after the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 56(4): 1253—1261(in Chinese).
赵国泽, 陈小斌, 蔡军涛. 2007. 电磁卫星和地震预测［J］. 地球物理学进展, 22(3): 667—673.
ZHAO Guo-ze, CHEN Xiao-bin, CAI Jun-tao. 2007. Electromagnetic observation by satellite and earthquake prediction［J］. Progress in Geophysics, 22(3): 667—673(in Chinese).
赵国泽, 陈小斌, 肖骑彬, 等. 2009. 汶川M_S8.0地震成因三 "层次"分析: 基于深部电性结构［J］. 地球物理学报, 52(2): 553—563.
ZHAO Guo-ze, CHEN Xiao-bin, XIAO Qi-bin, et al. 2009. Generation mechanism of Wenchuan strong earthquake of M_S8.0 inferred from EM measurements in three levels［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 52(2): 553—563(in Chinese).
赵国泽, 汤吉, 邓前辉, 等. 2003. 人工源超低频电磁波技术及其用于首都圈地震预测的测量研究［J］. 地学前缘, 10: 249—257.
ZHAO Guo-ze, TANG-Ji, DENG Qian-hui, et al. 2003. Artificial SLF method and the experimental study for earthquake monitoring in Beijing area［J］. Earth Science Frontier, 10: 249—257(in Chinese).
赵国泽, 王立凤, 汤吉, 等. 2010. 地震监测人工源极低频电磁技术(CSELF)新试验［J］. 地球物理学报, 53(3): 479—486.
ZHAO Guo-ze, WANG Li-feng, TANG Ji, et al. 2010. New experiments of CSELF electromagnetic method for earthquake monitoring［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 54(11): 2885—2897.
卓贤军, 赵国泽, 王继军, 等. 2005. 地震预测中的电磁卫星［J］. 大地测量与地球动力学, 25(2): 1—5.
ZHUO Xian-jun, ZHAO Guo-ze, WANG Ji-jun, et al. 2005. Seismo-electromagnetic satellite in earthquake prediction［J］. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 25(2): 1—5(in Chinese).
卓贤军, 陆建勋, 赵国泽, 等. 2011. 极低频探地(WEM)工程［J］. 中国工程科学, 13(9): 42—50.
ZHUO Xian-jun, LU Jian-xun, ZHAO Guo-ze, et al. 2011. The extremely low frequency engineering project using WEM for underground exploration［J］. Engineering Sciences, 13(9): 42—50(in Chinese).
Cervone G, Kafatos M, Napoletani D, et al. 2004. Wavelet maxima curves associated with two recent Greek earthquakes［J］. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 4: 359—374.
Cervone G, Singh R P, Kafatos M, et al. 2005. Wavelet maxima curves of surface latent heat flux anomalies associated with Indian earthquakes［J］. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 5: 87—99.
Ingrid D. 1992. Ten Lectures on Wavelets［M］. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics(America).
Pan Xiong, Yaxin Bi, Xuhui Shen. 2009. A wavelet-based method for detecting seismic anomalies in remote sensing satellite data［J］. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 5632: 569—581.
Mallat Stephane, Wen Liang Hwang. 1992. Singularity detection and processing with wavelets［J］. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 38(2): 617—643.
Bi Yaxin, Pan Xiong, Shengli Wu, et al. 2009. A comparative analysis for detecting seismic anomalies in data sequences of outgoing longwave radiation［J］. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume, 5914: 285—296.
Yuille A L, Poggio T A. 1986. Scaling theorems for zero crossings［J］. IEEE Trans PAMI -8(1): 15—25.
ZHAO Guo-ze, ZHAN Yan, WANG Li-feng, et al. 2009. Electromagnetic anomaly before earthquakes measured by EM experiment［J］. Earthquake Science, 22: 395—402.

[1]	WANG Jian, ZHANG Xin-lin, TAN Hong-bo, HU Min-zhang, WU Gui-ju, LI Zhong-ya, ZHANG Ming-hui. DETERMINATION OF GRAVITY VALUES FOR MULANSHAN CALIBRATION BASELINE AND ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY CHANGE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(2): 553-569.
[2]	WANG Ming-liang, ZHANG Yang, XU Shun-qiang, XU Zhi-ping. DEEP STRUCTURE IN THE MIDDLE AND SOUTH AREA OF NORTH CHINA DEPRESSION AND THE VICINITY BY MAGNETOTELLURICS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(2): 536-552.
[3]	LIU Yi-jun, YANG Guang-liang, WANG Jia-pei, TAN Hong-bo, ZHOU Huai-bin, SHEN Chong-yang. INVERSION OF INDOSINIAN SURFACE IN CHANGNING, SICHUAN BASED ON PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(1): 172-189.
[4]	GOU Jia-ning, LIU Zi-wei, JIANG Ying, ZHANG Xiao-tong. GRAVITY PERTURBATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TEM-PORAL AND SPATIAL CHANGES OF BACKGROUND NOISE BE-FORE EARTHQUAKE: THE EXAMPLE OF MADUO M_S7.4 AND YANGBI M_S6.4 EARTHQUAKES [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(1): 252-268.
[5]	ZHU Zhi-guo, ZHU Yi-qing, WANG Dong-zhen, HUSAN Irxat. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY AND CRUSTAL DEFORMATION OF JIASHI M_S6.4 EARTHQUAKE IN 2020 [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(1): 269-285.
[6]	YU Shu-yuan, HUANG Xian-liang, ZHENG Hai-gang, LI Ling-li, LUO Jia-ji, DING Juan, FAN Xiao-ran. THE COSEISMIC RUPTURE MODEL AND STRESS CHANGE OF THE 2022 MENYUAN M_W6.7 EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(1): 286-303.
[7]	WU Wei-ying, SHAN Xin-jian, QU Chun-yan, LI Xin-yan. COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THERMAL ANOMALIES DETECTION METHOD BEFORE STRONG EARTHQUAKE: TAKING THE 2014 M_W6.9 YUTIAN EARTHQUAKE AS AN EXAMPLE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1503-1520.
[8]	XU Zhi-ping, ZHANG Yang, YANG Li-pu, XU Shun-qiang, JIANG Lei, TANG Lin, LIN Ji-yan. STUDY ON THE DEEP STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MAIN ACTIVE FAULTS IN HENAN PROVINCE AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1521-1538.
[9]	SONG Dong-mei, WANG Hui, SHAN Xin-jian, WANG Bin, CUI Jian-yong. A NOVEL EXTRACTION METHOD OF PRE-EARTHQUAKE GRACE GRAVITY ANOMALY INFORMATION BASED ON MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1539-1556.
[10]	HUANG Jiang-pei, CAO Ying, LIU Dong, ZHENG Qiu-yue, CHEN Zheng-yu, WANG Qing-hua. ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS SEIMOGENIC MEANING BEFORE AND AFTER YANGBI M_S6.4 EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1557-1573.
[11]	DAI Yong, WU Ying-yan, FENG Zhi-sheng, YAO Li, JIANG Chu-feng, SUN Jun-song, ZHANG Xin, FENG Li-li, LI Jun-hui. EVIDENCE AND REFINEMENT OF GEOMAGNETIC DIURNAL INDUCED CURRENT ANOMALY BASED ON HARD BODY SEIS-MOGENIC MODEL: TAKING THE 2016 ZADOI M6.2 EARTH-QUAKE, THE 2017 JIUZHAIGOU M7.0 EARTHQUAKE, AND THE 2017 MILIN M6.9 EARTHQUAKE AS EXAMPLES [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1574-1596.
[12]	JIANG Yu-han, GAO Xiao-qi, YANG Peng-tao, LIU Dong-ying, SUN Xiao-long, XIANG Yang, ZHU Cheng-ying, WANG Cheng-guo. GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL GAS IN THE FAULT ZONES OF NORTH TIANSHAN, XINJIANG [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1597-1614.
[13]	HAO Hong-tao, WANG Qing-hua, ZHANG Xin-lin, WEI Jin, WU Gui-ju, HU Min-zhang. A STUDY ON LONG-TERM GRAVITY VARIATION AND ITS MECHANISM IN THE WESTERN YUNNAN EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION STUDY AREA [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(4): 876-894.
[14]	LIAO Gui-jin, YE Dong-hua, DENG Zhi-hui, LI Chong, TANG Guo-ying, HU Wei-ming. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEISMIC GRAVITY ANOMALY AND GROUND SUBSIDENCE GRAVITY ANOMALY [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(4): 895-908.
[15]	ZHANG Guo-qing, ZHU Yi-qing, LIANG Wei-feng. THE CRUSTAL DENSITY STRUCTURES AND ISOSTATIC ADDITIONAL STRESS AROUND THE FUBIANHE FAULT ON THE EASTERN MARGIN OF TIBET PLATEAU [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(3): 578-589.