EMBANKMENT STABILITY OF THE NORTH HENAN SECTION OF MIDDLE ROUTE PROJECT(MRP) OF SOUTH-TO-NORTH WATER DIVERSION BASED ON INSAR TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.03.016

Abstract

Abstract:

Consisting of three water diversion projects, i.e. Western Route Project(WRP), Middle Route Project(MRP)and Eastern Route Project(ERP), South-to-North Water Diversion Project is by far the world's largest water conservancy project. It is also a major strategic infrastructure to optimize the allocation of water resources in China.
The MRP has a total length of 1267km, including a canal segment of 731km long located in Henan Province, which accounts for more than half of the total mileage and runs through from north to south the central plains of China. The project starts mainly in the north of Henan Province, running through Hebi mining area(i.e. Hebi Coal Industry Group Co. Ltd.), Tangyin graben, three cities(i.e. Weihui, Hebi and Anyang city)and two counties(i.e. Qixian county and Tangyin county). Being threatened by mining subsidence, regional tectonic activities and urban groundwater subsidence, its embankment is prone to instability.
In order to assess the stability of embankment along the route, and also to provide safety guarantee for the water diversion project, with the case of the north Henan section of Middle Route Project(MRP), all 9 periods of ENVISAT ASAR data of 2009 are processed by means of 2 PASS plus external DEM D-InSAR processing algorithm, the parameters of space-time baseline are analyzed, best optimal interferometry images pairs are selected, and D-InSAR processing strategies are optimized to obtain differential interferograms for 33 monitoring points along 127km route; information of subsidence area, urban surface settlement area, as well as the amplitudes due to groundwater mining is extracted, and thematic maps of interferometric phase change vectors are gotten.
The following understandings are obtained: 1)There is uneven subsidence over the diversion canal. The cumulative minimum amount of subsidence is -33mm, and maximum subsidence is -73mm in 350 days. Annual subsidence rate is between 0.34m/yr to 0.76m/yr, and annual average subsidence rate is 0.53m/yr. In general, subsidence of monitoring points fits with exponential distribution, with the average correlation coefficient R²=0.7418. According to some mathematical models of curve fitting for monitoring point subsidence, it can be predicted that the subsidence of embankment of water diversion canal tends to be stable in majority of the sections. At the same time, both subsidence value and rate are getting smaller. 2)This study shows that due to combined effect from a variety of factors, this region has a poor regional geological stability. Analysis reveals that tectonic activity and urban surface subsidence are the main influencing factors, infrastructure construction is the secondary effect on the embankment stability, and there is no direct correlation with mining subsidence.

Key words: SAR interferometry, South-to-North Water Diversion Project, mining subsidence, urban surface settlement, active tectonics

摘要：

南水北调总干渠中线工程豫北段受矿区开采沉陷、区域地质构造活动及城市地下水开采沉降等多种威胁，区域地质结构稳定性较差。为了评估干渠沿线基础稳定性，为引水工程提供安全评价保障，以南水北调中线豫北段为例，利用2009年全年共9期ENVISAT ASAR雷达数据，采用二通加外部DEM的D-InSAR数据处理算法和“相位累积式”干涉测量甄别大气影响，采用 “相邻重访周期式”干涉测量减小时间退相干影响，获得了沿线126km渠段、33个监测点在2009年8个时间段的时序差分形变相位图像；提取了不同时期采矿、地下水开采造成的地面沉降区及沉降幅度信息；评价了区域活动构造及稳定性。研究表明：研究渠段全线有不均匀下沉，350d累积最小下沉量为-33mm，最大下沉量为-73mm。年下沉速率0.34～0.76m/a，年平均下沉速率0.53m/a。监测点下沉总体符合指数分布，平均相关系数R²=0.741 8。根据监测点下沉拟合曲线预测，调水干渠多数段落基础下沉趋稳；南水北调中线工程豫北段受多种因素叠加影响，总体基础稳定性较差，地质构造活动、城市地表沉降为主要影响因素，基础施工为次要影响，矿区开采沉陷对基础失稳未见直接相关性。

关键词: 合成孔径雷达干涉测量, 南水北调中线工程, 开采沉陷, 城市地表沉降, 活动构造

CLC Number:

P315.2

MA Chao, QU Chun-yan, MENG Xiu-jun. EMBANKMENT STABILITY OF THE NORTH HENAN SECTION OF MIDDLE ROUTE PROJECT(MRP) OF SOUTH-TO-NORTH WATER DIVERSION BASED ON INSAR TIME SERIES ANALYSIS[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(3): 749-762.

马超, 屈春燕, 孟秀军. 南水北调总干渠中线工程豫北段基础稳定性的InSAR时序分析[J]. 地震地质, 2014, 36(3): 749-762.

References

邓起东等编. 2006. 中国活动构造图1:400万
[M]. 北京: 地质出版社.
DENG Qi-dong et al.(eds). 2006. Active Tectonics Map of China(1:4000000)
[M]. Geological Publishing House, Beijing(in Chinese).
杜广仁. 1998. 豫北地区地震活动性及其与区域地壳运动的关系
[J]. 地震研究, 21(1): 82-87.
DU Guang-ren. 1998. The seismicity and the relation between it and regional crustal movement in north Henan region
[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 21(1): 82-87(in Chinese).
韩慕康, 赵景珍. 1980. 河南汤阴地堑的地震地质特征与地震危险性
[J]. 地震地质, 2(4): 47-61.
HAN Mu-kang, ZHAO Jing-zhen. 1980. Seismotectonic characteristics of Tangyin graben, Henan Province and its earthquake risk
[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2(4): 47-61(in Chinese).
季灵运, 许建东, 赵波, 等. 2013. 利用InSAR技术研究新疆阿什库勒火山群现今活动性
[J]. 地震地质, 35(3): 533-541.
JI Ling-yun, XU Jian-dong, ZHAO Bo, et al. 2013. Present-day activity of Ashikule volcanic group from InSAR
[J]. Seismology and Geology, 35(3): 533-541. doi: 10.396 9/j.issn.0253-4967.2013.03.007(in Chinese).
李永颐, 李斌山, 陆成主编. 1990. 遥感地质学
[M]. 重庆: 重庆大学出版社.
LI Yong-yi, LI Bin-shan, LU Cheng(eds). 1990. Remote Sensing Geology
[M]. Chongqing University Press, Chongqing(in Chinese).
马超, 孟秀军, 潘进波, 等. 2012. D-InSAR 时序开采沉陷观测的干涉策略选优
[J]. 河南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 31(3): 311-316.
MA Chao, MENG Xiu-jun, PAN Jin-bo, et al. 2012. Optimizing D-InSAR processing strategies for time series mining subsidence observation data
[J]. Journal of Henan Polytechnic University(Natural Science), 31(3): 311-316(in Chinese).
马超, 孟秀军, 屈春燕, 等. 2012. 矿区形变区及中心形变速率研究
[J]. 河南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 31(6): 687-692.
MA Chao, MENG Xiu-jun, QU Chun-yan, et al. 2012. Study on subsidence area and its centre change rate
[J]. Journal of Henan Polytechnic University(Natural Science), 31(6): 687-692(in Chinese).
潘进波. 2013. 基于D-InSAR技术的豫北三市四县城区地表沉降监测研究
[D]:
[学位论文]. 焦作: 河南理工大学.
PAN Jin-bo. 2013. Surface subsidence monitoring in three cities and four counties of north Henan based on D-InSAR technology
[D]. Masters degree thesis. Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo(in Chinese).
屈春燕, 单新建, 宋小刚, 等. 2010. D-InSAR技术应用于汶川地震地表位移场的空间分析
[J]. 地震地质, 32(2): 175-190.
QU Chun-yan, SHAN Xin-jian, SONG Xiao-gang, et al. 2010. Spatial analysis of coseismic displacement field of the Wenchuan M_S 8.0 earthquake derived using D-InSAR
[J]. Seismology and Geology, 32(2): 175-190. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2010.02.001(in Chinese).
屈春燕, 单新建, 张国宏, 等. 2012. 干涉基线对地震形变场的影响: 以玛尼地震同震-震后形变场为例
[J]. 地震地质, 34(4): 672-683.
QU Chun-yan, SHAN Xin-jian, ZHANG Guo-hong, et al. 2012. Influence of interferometric baseline on measurements of seismic deformation: A case study on the 1997 Mani, Tibet M 7.7 earthquake
[J]. Seismology and Geology, 34(4): 672-683. doi: 10.396 9/ j.issn.0253-4967.2012.04.011(in Chinese).
任文菊, 刘明清, 赵丽. 2000. 豫北深、浅部构造特征与地震
[J]. 华北地震科学, 18(3): 9-17.
REN Wen-ju, LIU Ming-qing, ZHAO Li. 2000. Deep and shallow tectonic features and earthquakes in north Henan
[J]. North China Earthquake Sciences, 18(3): 9-17(in Chinese).
徐小波. 2013. 基于PS-InSAR技术的不同类型地表形变观测试验研究
[D]:
[学位论文]. 焦作: 河南理工大学.
XU Xiao-bo. 2013. A study on different types of surface deformation observations based on PS-InSAR technique
[D]. Masters degree thesis, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo(in Chinese).
姚法章. 1987. 从构造特征看冀鲁豫交界地区的强震危险性
[J]. 华北地震科学, 5(2): 109-115.
YAO Fa-zhang. 1987. Strong earthquake risk of the Hebei-Shandong-Henan border area determined from structural characteristics
[J]. North China Earthquake Sciences, 5(2): 109-115(in Chinese).
张祖海. 1982. 汤阴地堑区稳定性对南水北调中线影响的初步探讨
[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2: 33转26.
ZHANG Zu-hai. 1982. A preliminary study of impact of stability of Tangyin graben zone on the Middle Route of South-north Water Diversion Project
[J]. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 2: 33 to 26(in Chinese).
中国南水北调网. 中线工程概况. http://www.nsbd.gov.cn/zx/gcgk.asp.
China South-to-North Water Diversion Project Network, Middle Route Project Overview
[EB/OL]. http://www.nsbd.gov.cn/zx/gcgk.asp.(in Chinese).
Achache J, Fruneau B, Delacourt C. 1995. Applicability of SAR interferometry for operational monitoring of landslides
[A]. In: Proceedings of the Second ERS Applications Workshop, London, 6-8, December. 1995, 165-168.
Berardino P, Fornaro G, Lanari R, et al. 2002. A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms
[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 40(11): 2375-2383.
CHEN Fu-long, LIN Hui, LI Zhen, et al. 2012. Interaction between permafrost and infrastructure along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway detected via jointly analysis of C-and L-band small baseline SAR interferometry
[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 123(2012): 532-540.
Ferretti A, Prati C, Rocca F. 2000. Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry
[J]. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens, 38(5): 2202-2212.
Ferretti A, Perissin D, Prati C, et al. 2004. ERS-ENVISAT Permanent Scatterers Interferometry
[A]. In: Proceedings of Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, 2004, Anchorage(Alaska).
GUO Zeng-zhang, MA Chao. 2013. A monitoring method and accuracy evaluation for mining subsidence based on D-InSAR
[A]. In: Proceedings of XV International ISM Congress, 16-20 Sept. 2013, Aachen, Germany: 1279-1291.
Perski Z. 1998. Applicability of ERS -1 and ERS -2 InSAR for land subsidence monitoring in the Silesian coal mining region, Poland
[J]. International Archives of Photogrametry and Remote Sensing, 32(7): 555-558.

[1]	ZHANG Ling, MIAO Shu-qing, YANG Xiao-ping. THE ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AUTOMATIC EXTRACTING METHOD FOR ACTIVE THRUST FAULTS IN THE NORTH TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS BASED ON ARCGIS SOFTWARE PLATFORM [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(2): 422-434.
[2]	AI Ming, BI Hai-yun, ZHENG Wen-jun, YIN Jin-hui, YUAN Dao-yang, REN Zhi-kun, CHEN Gan, LIU Jin-rui. USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNOLOGY TO OBTAIN QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF ACTIVE TECTONICS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(6): 1276-1293.
[3]	WANG Si-yu, AI Ming, WU Chuan-yong, LEI Qi-yun, ZHANG Hui-ping, REN Guang-xue, LI Chuan-you, REN Zhi-kun. APPLICATION OF DEM GENERATION TECHNOLOGY FROM HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGE IN QUANTITATIVE ACTIVE TECTONICS STUDY: A CASE STUDY OF FAULT SCARPS IN THE SOUTHERN MARGIN OF KUMISHI BASIN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(5): 999-1017.
[4]	HAN Xiao-ming, Liu Fang, ZHANG Fan, CHEN Li-feng, LI Juan, LI Shuan-hu, YANG Hong-ying. 3D P-WAVE VELOCITY STRUCTURE AT THE NORTHEASTERN MARGIN OF ORDOS BLOCK [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(1): 215-231.
[5]	WU Xi-yan, XU Xi-wei, YU Gui-hua, CHENG Jia, CHEN Gui-hua, AN Yan-fen, WANG Qi-xin. MAP PREPARATION OF EARTHQUAKE SURFACE RUPTURES IN THE NATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL FIELD OF EARTHQUAKE MONITORING AND PREDICTION IN SICHUAN AND YUNNAN PROVINCE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(1): 27-41.
[6]	BI Hai-yun, ZHENG Wen-jun, ZENG Jiang-yuan, YU Jing-xing, REN Zhi-kun. APPLICATION OF SFM PHOTOGRAMMETRY METHOD TO THE QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF ACTIVE TECTONICS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2017, 39(4): 656-674.
[7]	SUN Xin-zhe, TANG Sheng-quan. THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE ACTIVE TECTONICS RESEARCH [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(1): 211-220.
[8]	YU Gui-hua, DU Ke-ping, XU Xi-wei, WU Xi-yan, WANG Yin. RESEARCH ON ACTIVE FAULT DATABASE CONSTRUCTION RELATED ISSUES [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2012, (4): 713-725.
[9]	SUN Jian-bao, LIANG Fang, SHEN Zheng-kang, XU Xi-wei. InSAR DEFORMATION OBSERVATION AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE M_S 8 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2008, 30(3): 789-795.
[10]	DENG Qi-dong, WEN Xue-ze. A REVIEW ON THE RESEARCH OF ACTIVE TECTONICS——HISTORY, PROGRESS AND SUGGESTIONS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2008, 30(1): 1-30.
[11]	ZHANG Hui-ping, ZHANG Pei-zhen, ZHENG Wen-jun, ZHENG De-wen, CHEN Zheng-wei. ACTIVE TECTONIC RATES CONSTRAINED BY TERRESTRIAL IN SITU COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES DATING [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY, 2007, 29(2): 418-430.
[12]	CHEN Li-chun, CHEN Gui-hua, CHEN Li-ze, RAN Yong-kang, YANG Xiao-ping. ETM IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND INTERPRETATION OF ACTIVE TECTONICS OF THE AREA AROUND THE KALPINTAG THRUST SYSTEM [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2006, 28(2): 289-298.
[13]	SHEN Jun, WU Chuan-yong, LI Jun, XIANG Zhi-yong, CHEN Jian-bo, XIE Tian, SONG Zheng-na, WANG Cui. THE BASIC FEATURES OF THE ACTIVE TECTONICS IN THE KUQA DEPRESSION OF THE SOUTHERN TIANSHAN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2006, 28(2): 269-278.
[14]	XU Xi-wei, ZHANG Pei-zhen, WEN Xue-ze, QIN Zun-li, CHEN Gui-hua, ZHU Ai-lan. FEATURES OF ACTIVE TECTONICS AND RECURRENCE BEHAVIORS OF STRONG EARTHQUAKES IN THE WESTERN SICHUAN PROVINCE AND ITS ADJACENT REGIONS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2005, 27(3): 446-461.
[15]	RAN Yong-kang, CHEN Li-chun. ACTIVE TECTONIC RESEARCH FOR SEISMIC SAFETY EVALUATION OF LONG-LINE ENGINEERING SITES IN CHINA [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2004, 26(4): 733-741.