GENESIS AND DEEP GEOTHERMAL PROCESS OF MAOYA HOT SPRINGS IN LITANG, WESTERN SICHUAN

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2023.03.006

SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY ›› 2023, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (3): 689-709.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2023.03.006

GENESIS AND DEEP GEOTHERMAL PROCESS OF MAOYA HOT SPRINGS IN LITANG, WESTERN SICHUAN

SHEN Hua-liang¹⁾(), YANG Yao²^,³⁾^,^*(), ZHOU Zhi-hua⁴⁾, RUI Xue-lian²⁾, LIAO Xiao-feng²⁾, ZHAO De-yang²⁾, LIANG Ming-jian²⁾, CHEN Meng-die²⁾, GUAN Zhi-jun²⁾, REN Hong-wei⁵⁾

¹⁾ Chengdu Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China
²⁾ Sichuan Earthquake Agency, Chengdu 610041, China
³⁾ College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
⁴⁾ China Earthquake Networks Center, Beijing 100045, China
⁵⁾ National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing 100085, China

Received:2022-12-30 Revised:2023-03-12 Online:2023-06-20 Published:2023-07-18

川西理塘毛垭温泉群的成因及深部地热过程

申华梁¹⁾(), 杨耀²^,³⁾^,^*(), 周志华⁴⁾, 芮雪莲²⁾, 廖晓峰²⁾, 赵德杨²⁾, 梁明剑²⁾, 陈梦蝶²⁾, 官致君²⁾, 任宏微⁵⁾

¹⁾ 中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心, 成都 610081
²⁾ 四川省地震局, 成都 610041
³⁾ 成都理工大学地球科学学院, 成都 610059
⁴⁾ 中国地震台网中心, 北京 100045
⁵⁾ 应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院, 北京 100085

通讯作者: * 杨耀, 男, 1987年生, 工程师, 主要从事构造地球化学、流体地球化学研究, E-mail: yangyao_cdut@163.com。
作者简介:
申华梁, 男, 1986年生, 2015年于成都理工大学获得矿物学、岩石学、矿床学专业硕士学位, 工程师, 主要从事石油地质、数学地质、遥感地质及水文地质等研究, E-mail: 124283663@qq.com。
基金资助:
中国地震局地震科技星火计划项目(XH23048C); 国家自然科学基金(41877205); 四川省自然科学基金(2022NSFSC0210); 中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20230105)

Abstract

Abstract:

Maoya hot spring, as a famous earthquake monitoring site, is seldomly studied in terms of its genesis and deep geothermal process. In this paper, we investigated the chemical and isotopic composition of thermal water in Maoya and Maohuo in Litang to elucidate the hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of the geothermal waters.
The study results show that Maoya hot springs and Maohuo hot spring are of the Na-HCO₃ type as a result of dissolution processes involving feldspars from the reservoir rocks due to the water-CO₂-rock interaction during the deep circulation of the geothermal waters. According to the diagram of Cl^- and Na⁺ concentrations of the geothermal water samples, Cl^- in Maoya hot spring originates from the mixing of granodiorite and basalt aqueous solutions in the process of water rock interaction, while Cl^- in Maohuo hot spring mainly originates from granodiorite aqueous solutions. The stable isotope δD and δ¹⁸O composition of geothermal waters indicates that they are recharged by meteoric precipitation. The Maoya hot springs have the characteristics of higher concentration of ion components and slightly oxygen drifting compared with the Maohuo hot spring, indicating that they have a deeper circulation depth and experience a stronger water-rock interaction. In addition, the ratio of Cl^-that comes from deep source in Maoya hot springs is higher than that in Maohuo hot spring.
The high temperature geothermal water formed by deep circulation of meteoric water is mixed by the shallow cold water during the ascending process. We employed SiO₂ geothermometer and Si-enthalpy model to estimate the temperature of shallow reservoir after mixing with cold water and the temperature of deep reservoir and the mixing ratio of cold water, respectively. The results suggest that the temperature of shallow reservoir in Maoya thermal field is in the range of 75~103℃ and the temperature of deep reservoir in Maoya thermal field is about 235℃ and the mixing ratio of cold water ranges from 87% to 94%. Based on the temperature of deep reservoir, we calculated the depth of the geothermal cycle in Maoya area, which is close to 5km.
The heat source triggering the formation of this geothermal system mainly originates from mantle and partial melting body of the crust. In addition, Cenozoic granitoid magmatic residual heat and upper crust radioactive heat can also provide additional heat sources. During the process of surface cold water circulation from shallow to deep, on the one hand, it forms deep geothermal water through normal geothermal gradients, and on the other hand, the mantle fluid upwelling below the Litang Basin and partial melting in the middle crust further heat the groundwater to form a high-temperature deep reservoir. The deep geothermal water is transported to the surface along the Litang Fault under the effect of hydrostatic pressure and hydrothermal convection. During ascending process, the first mixing of groundwater with superficial cold water occurred due to the presence of structural cracks in the crust, and the temperature of the mixing water is about 100℃. When the geothermal water migrates to the near surface, it mixes with the pore water and bedrock fissure water in the basin for the second time, and the mixing proportion of cold water increases(about 90%). Finally, it emerges to the surface, forming a group of medium-low temperature hot springs.

Key words: Maoya hot springs, geothermal water, hydrogeochemistry, reservoir temperature, Litang fault zone

摘要：

毛垭温泉目前的成因模式及深部地热过程的研究程度较低。文中以理塘毛垭温泉群和周边的冒火温泉为研究对象,对其进行水化学组分和氢、氧同位素分析。研究结果表明,毛垭温泉群和冒火温泉的水化类型均为Na-HCO₃型。温泉水在深循环过程中,深部水、岩、气的相互作用使得热储层中的长石发生水解,是形成Na-HCO₃型地热水的主要原因。氢、氧同位素的测量结果表明温泉水均起源于大气降水。毛垭温泉群与冒火温泉相比,具有更高浓度的离子组分,且表现出轻微的氧同位素漂移现象,表明毛垭温泉的循环深度更深,经历了更强烈的水-岩作用,此外,Cl^-的深部来源比例更高。通过SiO₂温标和硅焓混合模型估算得到毛垭温泉群的浅部热储温度为75~103℃,深部热储温度为235℃,冷水混合比例为87%~94%。基于深部热储温度计算得到毛垭温泉的最终循环深度接近5km。深部地热水受静水压力和水热对流作用,沿理塘断裂带向上运移,在此过程中,受构造裂隙的影响,地热水与冷水发生第1次混合,混合水的温度约为100℃。地热水循环至近地表时,与盆地内的冷水进行第2次混合,最终出露地表,形成中低温温泉群。

关键词: 毛垭温泉群, 地热水, 水文地球化学, 热储温度, 理塘断裂带

SHEN Hua-liang, YANG Yao, ZHOU Zhi-hua, RUI Xue-lian, LIAO Xiao-feng, ZHAO De-yang, LIANG Ming-jian, CHEN Meng-die, GUAN Zhi-jun, REN Hong-wei. GENESIS AND DEEP GEOTHERMAL PROCESS OF MAOYA HOT SPRINGS IN LITANG, WESTERN SICHUAN[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(3): 689-709.

申华梁, 杨耀, 周志华, 芮雪莲, 廖晓峰, 赵德杨, 梁明剑, 陈梦蝶, 官致君, 任宏微. 川西理塘毛垭温泉群的成因及深部地热过程[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(3): 689-709.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1 Geological and tectonic sketch-map of the Litang area and its surroundings(adapted after Zhou et al., 2017).

Fig. 2 The map showing the active faults in Litang area and its surroundings.

Fig. 3 Geological map of the Maoya area and surrounding regions.

Fig. 4 Map showing the sampling locations of hot springs and river water in the study area.

Table 1 Chemical composition and isotope of the water samples in the study area

样品名称	样品编号	温度 /℃	Na⁺ /mg·L^-1	K⁺ /mg·L^-1	Mg²⁺ /mg·L^-1	Ca²⁺ /mg·L^-1	F^- /mg·L^-1	Cl^- /mg·L^-1	$SO 4 2 -$ /mg·L^-1	$NO 3 -$ /mg·L^-1	$CO 3 2 -$ /mg·L^-1	$HCO 3 -$ /mg·L^-1	SiO₂ /mg·L^-1	PH	TDS /mg·L^-1	EC /μs·cm^-1	δD /‰	δ¹⁸O /‰
毛垭温泉1	LT-1	28.9	611.8	31.7	16.7	46.0	1.9	31.2	23.0	14.5	n/d	2208.8	27.1	7.8	1491	2980	-159.5	-19.0
毛垭温泉2	LT-2	37.7	628.1	25.4	6.6	57.4	5.2	34.2	26.4	6.3	n/d	2214.9	51.3	7.8	1521	3040	-160.0	-18.9
毛垭温泉3	LT-3	36.6	616.9	22.9	6.4	55.6	1.8	30.8	41.0	9.6	n/d	2147.8	49.9	7.8	1461	2920	-160.5	-19.0
毛垭温泉4	LT-4	42.8	633.9	23.8	8.8	34.1	4.0	31.9	30.3	9.8	n/d	2036.4	51.2	8.0	1536	3070	-158.7	-18.2
毛垭温泉5	LT-5	43.3	557.0	19.7	5.2	61.1	3.6	28.6	29.6	8.6	n/d	2001.4	42.5	7.7	1401	2800	-159.4	-19.4
毛垭温泉6	LT-6	40.9	591.0	21.6	5.6	57.8	3.8	30.0	28.6	8.4	n/d	2035.6	46.3	7.8	1456	2910	-161.1	-19.6
冒火温泉	LT-7	79.6	57.2	1.6	0.0	4.1	2.8	7.6	20.5	0.1	n/d	158.6	59.5	8.5	168	336	-161.9	-21.4
河水1	LT-8	19.4	41.8	2.6	8.8	25.6	0.5	2.5	10.7	1.3	n/d	256.3	13.0	8.3	227	453	-133.3	-16.7
河水2	LT-9	16.3	6.3	0.3	3.4	23.0	0.9	1.0	13.3	0.1	n/d	103.3	7.3	8.0	105	209	-124.0	-16.0

Table 1 Chemical composition and isotope of the water samples in the study area

样品名称	样品编号	温度 /℃	Na⁺ /mg·L^-1	K⁺ /mg·L^-1	Mg²⁺ /mg·L^-1	Ca²⁺ /mg·L^-1	F^- /mg·L^-1	Cl^- /mg·L^-1	$SO 4 2 -$ /mg·L^-1	$NO 3 -$ /mg·L^-1	$CO 3 2 -$ /mg·L^-1	$HCO 3 -$ /mg·L^-1	SiO₂ /mg·L^-1	PH	TDS /mg·L^-1	EC /μs·cm^-1	δD /‰	δ¹⁸O /‰
毛垭温泉1	LT-1	28.9	611.8	31.7	16.7	46.0	1.9	31.2	23.0	14.5	n/d	2208.8	27.1	7.8	1491	2980	-159.5	-19.0
毛垭温泉2	LT-2	37.7	628.1	25.4	6.6	57.4	5.2	34.2	26.4	6.3	n/d	2214.9	51.3	7.8	1521	3040	-160.0	-18.9
毛垭温泉3	LT-3	36.6	616.9	22.9	6.4	55.6	1.8	30.8	41.0	9.6	n/d	2147.8	49.9	7.8	1461	2920	-160.5	-19.0
毛垭温泉4	LT-4	42.8	633.9	23.8	8.8	34.1	4.0	31.9	30.3	9.8	n/d	2036.4	51.2	8.0	1536	3070	-158.7	-18.2
毛垭温泉5	LT-5	43.3	557.0	19.7	5.2	61.1	3.6	28.6	29.6	8.6	n/d	2001.4	42.5	7.7	1401	2800	-159.4	-19.4
毛垭温泉6	LT-6	40.9	591.0	21.6	5.6	57.8	3.8	30.0	28.6	8.4	n/d	2035.6	46.3	7.8	1456	2910	-161.1	-19.6
冒火温泉	LT-7	79.6	57.2	1.6	0.0	4.1	2.8	7.6	20.5	0.1	n/d	158.6	59.5	8.5	168	336	-161.9	-21.4
河水1	LT-8	19.4	41.8	2.6	8.8	25.6	0.5	2.5	10.7	1.3	n/d	256.3	13.0	8.3	227	453	-133.3	-16.7
河水2	LT-9	16.3	6.3	0.3	3.4	23.0	0.9	1.0	13.3	0.1	n/d	103.3	7.3	8.0	105	209	-124.0	-16.0

Fig. 5 Piper diagram of the water samples.

Fig. 6 Diagram of Cl-and Na+concentrations of the thermal water samples(adapted after CUI Yue-ju et al., 2022).

Fig. 7 Plot of the relations between δD and δ18O in the water samples.

Fig. 8 The triangle diagram of Na-K-Mg of the water samples.

Table 2 Relationship among temperature, enthalpy and SiO2 content(after Fournier et al., 1974)

温度/℃	焓/J·g^-1	$C S i O 2$ /mg·L^-1
50	50	13.5
75	75	26.6
100	100.1	48
125	125.1	80
150	151	125
175	177	185
200	203.6	265
225	230.9	365
250	259.2	486
275	289	614
300	321	692

Table 2 Relationship among temperature, enthalpy and SiO2 content(after Fournier et al., 1974)

温度/℃	焓/J·g^-1	$C S i O 2$ /mg·L^-1
50	50	13.5
75	75	26.6
100	100.1	48
125	125.1	80
150	151	125
175	177	185
200	203.6	265
225	230.9	365
250	259.2	486
275	289	614
300	321	692

Fig. 9 Si-enthalpy model in the study area.

Fig. 10 Reservoir temperatures and mixing ratio of cold water in the study area.

Fig. 11 The conceptual model of the Litang geothermal system (the thickness of the stratum is estimated based on the geological map).

References 51

[1]	崔月菊, 孙凤霞, 杜建国. 2022. 中国大陆东部温泉流体来源解析与地震地球化学异常判识方法[J]. 地震研究, 45(2): 199-216.
	CUI Yue-ju, SUN Feng-xia, DU Jian-guo. 2022. Methods for identification of seismic geochemical precursors and source partitioning of hot spring fluids in eastern Chinese mainland[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 45(2): 199-216. (in Chinese)
[2]	侯增谦, 曲晓明, 周继荣, 等. 2001. 三江地区义敦岛弧碰撞造山过程: 花岗岩记录[J]. 地质学报, 75(4): 484-497.
	HOU Zeng-qian, QU Xiao-ming, ZHOU Ji-rong, et al. 2001. Collision-orogenic processes of the Yidun Arc in the Sanjiang region: Record of granites[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 75(4): 484-497. (in Chinese)
[3]	李军, 马声浩, 李介成. 1989. 川-51温泉水温动态特征与地震[J]. 四川地震, (4): 17-21.
	LI Jun, MA Sheng-hao, LI Jie-cheng. 1989. Relationship between dynamic characteristics of water temperature in Sichuan-51 Hot Spring and earthquakes[J]. Earthquake Research in Sichuan, (4): 17-21. (in Chinese)
[4]	刘汉彬, 金贵善, 李军杰, 等. 2013. 铀矿地质样品的稳定同位素组成测试方法[J]. 世界核地质科学, 30(3): 174-179.
	LIU Han-bin, JIN Gui-shan, LI Jun-jie, et al. 2013. Determination of stable isotope composition in uranium geological samples[J]. World Nuclear Geoscience, 30(3): 174-179. (in Chinese)
[5]	刘进达, 赵迎昌, 刘恩凯, 等. 1997. 中国大气降水稳定同位素时-空分布规律探讨[J]. 勘察科学技术, (3): 34-39.
	LIU Jin-da, ZHAO Ying-chang, LIU En-kai, et al. 1997. Discussion on the stable isotope time-space distribution law of China atmospheric precipitation[J]. Site Investigation Science and Technology, (3): 34-39. (in Chinese)
[6]	芮雪莲, 杨耀, 官致君, 等. 2022. 四川理塘毛垭51泉水温在青藏高原东南缘中强地震前的异常特征及机理分析[J]. 地震研究, 45(2): 318-328.
	RUI Xue-lian, YANG Yao, GUAN Zhi-jun, et al. 2022. Anomaly characteristics of the water temperature of Maoya, Litang 51th spring before the mid-strong earthquakes in the southeastern Tibetan plateau and its precursor mechanisms[J]. Journal of Seismological Research, 45(2): 318-328. (in Chinese)
[7]	石太衡, 吴耿, 李荣. 2020. 硅质热泉沉积物的结构和微生物成矿成岩机制[J]. 沉积学报, 38(1): 113-123.
	SHI Tai-heng, WU Geng, LI Rong. 2020. Structures of siliceous hot spring deposits and mechanism of microbial mineralization and diagenesis[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 38(1): 113-123. (in Chinese)
[8]	王全伟, 王康明, 阚泽忠, 等. 2009. 川西甘孜-理塘构造带侏罗纪地层特征及其与邻区的对比[J]. 沉积与特提斯地质, 29(2): 86-92.
	WANG Quan-wei, WANG Kang-ming, KAN Ze-zhong, et al. 2009. Division and correlation of the Jurassic strata in the Garze-Litang structural zone, western Sichuan and its adjacent areas[J]. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology, 29(2): 86-92. (in Chinese)
[9]	徐锡伟, 闻学泽, 郑荣章, 等. 2003. 川滇地区活动块体最新构造变动样式及其动力来源[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 33(S1): 151-162.
	XU Xi-wei, WEN Xue-ze, ZHENG Rong-zhang, et al. 2003. Pattern of latest tectonic motion and its dynamics for active blocks in Sichuan-Yunnan region, China[J]. Science in China(Ser D), 33(S1): 151-162. (in Chinese)
[10]	许志琴, 王勤, 李忠海, 等. 2016. 印度-亚洲碰撞: 从挤压到走滑的构造转换[J]. 地质学报, 90(1): 1-23.
	XU Zhi-qin, WANG Qin, LI Zhong-hai, et al. 2016. Indo-Asian collision: Tectonic transition from compression to strike slip[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 90(1): 1-23. (in Chinese)
[11]	晏锐, 官致君, 刘耀炜. 2015. 川西温泉水温观测及其在芦山 M_S7.0 地震前的异常现象[J]. 地震学报, 37(2): 347-356.
	YAN Rui, GUAN Zhi-jun, LIU Yao-wei. 2015. Hot spring water observations and its anomalies before the Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake in the western Sichuan region[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 37(2): 347-356. (in Chinese)
[12]	杨耀, 周晓成, 官致君, 等. 2019. 川西地下流体观测井水文地球化学特征[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 38(5): 966-976.
	YANG Yao, ZHOU Xiao-cheng, GUAN Zhi-jun, et al. 2019. Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in seismic observation wells in the western Sichuan[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 38(5): 966-976. (in Chinese)
[13]	张健, 李午阳, 唐显春, 等. 2017. 川西高温水热活动区的地热学分析[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 47(8): 899-915.
	ZHANG Jian, LI Wu-yang, TANG Xian-chun, et al. 2017. Geothermal data analysis at the high-temperature hydrothermal area in western Sichuan[J]. Science in China (Ser D), 47(8): 899-915. (in Chinese)
[14]	张磊, 郭丽爽, 刘树文, 等. 2021. 四川鲜水河-安宁河断裂带温泉氢氧稳定同位素特征[J]. 岩石学报, 37(2): 589-598.
	ZHANG Lei, GUO Li-shuang, LIU Shu-wen, et al. 2021. Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes of hot springs in Xianshuihe-Anninghe fault zone, Sichuan Province, China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 37(2): 589-598. (in Chinese) DOI URL
[15]	赵佳怡, 张薇, 张汉雄, 等. 2019. 四川巴塘地热田水文地球化学特征及成因[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 46(4): 81-89.
	ZHAO Jia-yi, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Han-xiong, et al. 2019. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and genesis of the geothermal fields in Batang of Sichuan[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 46(4): 81-89. (in Chinese)
[16]	周春景, 吴中海, 张克旗, 等. 2015. 川西理塘活动断裂最新同震地表破裂形成时代与震级的重新厘定[J]. 地震地质, 37(2): 455-467.
	ZHOU Chun-jing, WU Zhong-hai, ZHANG Ke-qi, et al. 2015. New chronological constraint on the co-seismic surface rupture segments associated with the Litang Fault[J]. Seismology and Geology, 37(2): 455-467. (in Chinese)
[17]	Bagheri R, Nadri A, Raeisi E, et al. 2014. Origin of brine in the Kangan gasfield: Isotopic and hydrogeochemical approaches[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 72(4): 1055-1072. DOI URL
[18]	Chen Z, Du J, Zhou X, et al. 2014. Hydrochemistry of the hot springs in western Sichuan Province related to the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake[J]. The Scientific World Journal. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/901432.
[19]	Chevalier M, Leloup P H, Replumaz A, et al. 2016. Tectonic-geomorphology of the Litang fault system, SE Tibetan plateau, and implication for regional seismic hazard[J]. Tectonophysics, 682: 278-292. DOI URL
[20]	Craig H. 1961. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters[J]. Science, 133(3465): 1702-1703. PMID
[21]	Daniele L, Taucare M, Viguier B, et al. 2020. Exploring the shallow geothermal resources in the Chilean southern volcanic zone: Insight from the Liquiñe thermal springs[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 218:106611. DOI URL
[22]	Fournier R O. 1981. Application of water geochemistry to geothermal exploration and reservoir engineering [A]//Rybach L, Muffler L J P(eds). Geothermal Systems: Principles and Case Histories. Wiley, New York: 109-143.
[23]	Fournier R O, Truesdell A H. 1973. An empirical Na-K-Ca geothermometer for natural waters[J]. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(5): 1255-1275. DOI URL
[24]	Fournier R O, Truesdell A H. 1974. Geochemical indicators of subsurface temperature. Part Ⅱ. Estimation of temperature and fraction of hot water mixed with cold water[J]. Journal Research US Geological Survey, 2(3): 263-270.
[25]	Giggenbach W F. 1988. Geothermal solute equilibria: Derivation of Na-K-Ma-Ca geoindicators[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52(12): 2749-2765. DOI URL
[26]	Giggenbach W F. 1992. Isotopic shifts in waters from geothermal and volcanic systems along convergent plate boundaries and their origin[J]. Earth and Planet Science Letter, 113(4): 495-510. DOI URL
[27]	Guo Q, Pang Z, Wang Y, et al. 2017. Fluid geochemistry and geothermometry applications of the Kangding high-temperature geothermal system in eastern Himalayas[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 81: 63-75. DOI URL
[28]	Hochstein M P, Regenauer-Lieb K. 1998. Heat generation associated with collision of two plates: The Himalayan geothermal belt[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 83(1-2): 75-92. DOI URL
[29]	Hou Y, Shi Z, Mu W. 2018. Fluid geochemistry of fault zone hydrothermal system in the Yidun-Litang area, eastern Tibetan plateau geothermal belt[J]. Geofluids. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6872563.
[30]	Kharaka Y K, Mariner R H. 1989. Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins[M]. Springer-Verlag, New York: 99-117.
[31]	Li J, Yang G, Sagoe G, et al. 2018. Major hydrogeochemical processes controlling the composition of geothermal waters in the Kangding geothermal field, western Sichuan Province[J]. Geothermics, 75(1): 154-163. DOI URL
[32]	Masuda H, Sakai H, Chiba H, et al. 1985. Geochemical characteristics of Na-Ca-Cl-HCO₃ type waters in Arima and its vicinity in the western Kinki district, Japan[J]. Geochemical Journal, 19(3): 149-162. DOI URL
[33]	Piper A M. 1944. A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analyses[J]. EOS: Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 25(6): 914-928. DOI URL
[34]	Reid A J, Wilson C J L, Liu S. 2005. Structural evidence for the Permo-Triassic tectonic evolution of the Yidun arc, eastern Tibetan plateau[J]. Journal of Structural Geology, 27(1): 119-137. DOI URL
[35]	Roger F, Jolivet M, Malavieille J. 2010. The tectonic evolution of the Songpan-Garzê(North Tibet)and adjacent areas from Proterozoic to present: A synthesis[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 39(4): 254-269. DOI URL
[36]	Shi Z, Liao F, Wang G, et al. 2017. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolution of hot springs in eastern Tibetan plateau geothermal belt, western China: Insight from multivariate statistical analysis[J]. Geofluids. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6546014.
[37]	Stumm W, Morgan J J. 1996. Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters, 3rd Edition [M]. John Wiley and Sons, New York: 1-1040.
[38]	Tang X, Zhang J, Pang Z, et al. 2017. The eastern Tibetan plateau geothermal belt, western China: Geology, geophysics, genesis, and hydrothermal system[J]. Tectonophysics, 717: 433-448. DOI URL
[39]	Tapponnier P, Peltzer G, Armijo R. 1986. On the mechanics of the collision between India and Asia[J]. Geological Society of London Special Publications, 19(1): 113-157. DOI URL
[40]	Taylor H P. 1974. The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal alteration and ore deposition[J]. Economic Geology, 69(6): 843-883. DOI URL
[41]	Tian J, Pang Z, Guo Q, et al. 2018. Geochemistry of geothermal fluids with implications on the sources of water and heat recharge to the Rekeng high-temperature geothermal system in the Eastern Himalayan Syntax[J]. Geothermics, 74: 92-105. DOI URL
[42]	Tian J, Pang Z, Liao D, et al. 2021. Fluid geochemistry and its implications on the role of deep faults in the genesis of high temperature systems in the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 131:105036. DOI URL
[43]	Wang B Q, Zhou M F, Li J W, et al. 2011. Late Triassic porphyritic intrusions and associated volcanic rocks from the Shangri-La region, Yidun terrane, eastern Tibetan plateau: Adakitic magmatism and porphyry copper mineralization[J]. Lithos, 127(1-2): 24-38. DOI URL
[44]	Wang E, Burchfiel B C. 2000. Late Cenozoic to Holocene deformation in southwestern Sichuan and adjacent Yunnan, China, and its role in formation of the southeastern part of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112(3): 413-423. DOI URL
[45]	Xu X, Wen X, Yu G, et al. 2005. Average slip rate, earthquake rupturing segmentation and recurrence behavior on the Litang fault zone, western Sichuan Province[J]. Science in China (Ser D), 48(8): 1183-1196.
[46]	Yan Y, Zhou X, Liao L, et al. 2022. Hydrogeochemical characteristic of geothermal water and precursory anomalies along the Xianshuihe fault zone, southwestern China[J]. Water, 14(550): 1-21. DOI URL
[47]	Yang Y, Liang M J, Ma C, et al. 2023. A palaeoearthquake event and its age revealed by travertine layer along the Litang Fault in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Earthquake Research Advances: 100215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eqrea.2023.100215(in press).
[48]	Yin A, Harrison T M. 2000. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 28(1): 211-280. DOI URL
[49]	Zhang Y, Tan H, Zhang W, et al. 2016. Geochemical constraint on origin and evolution of solutes in geothermal springs in western Yunnan, China[J]. Chemie Der Erde-Geochemistry, 76(1): 63-75. DOI URL
[50]	Zhou R, Zhou X, Li Y, et al. 2022. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics of the hot springs in the Litang fault zone, southeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Water, 14(1496): 1-33. DOI URL
[51]	Zhou X, Liu L, Chen Z, et al. 2017. Gas geochemistry of the hot spring in the Litang fault zone, southeast Tibetan plateau[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 79:17-26. DOI URL

GENESIS AND DEEP GEOTHERMAL PROCESS OF MAOYA HOT SPRINGS IN LITANG, WESTERN SICHUAN

川西理塘毛垭温泉群的成因及深部地热过程

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 13

References 51

Related Articles 7

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	LU Chang, ZHOU Xiao-cheng, LI Ying, LIU Lei, YAN Yu-cong, XU Yue-ren. HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND-WATER IN THE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF MADOI M_S7.4 EARTHQUAKE AND HOT SPRINGS IN THE EAST KUNLUN FAULT [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY, 2021, 43(5): 1101-1126.
[2]	LIN Xu-dong, XU Jian-dong. THE EVOLUTION OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPE IN LOW-MEDIUM TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS OF CONVECTIVE TYPE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2013, 35(1): 75-84.
[3]	LÜ Jin-bo, CHE Yong-tai, WANG Ji-ming, LIU Zhen-feng, LIU Cheng-long, ZHENG Gui-sen. HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMAL WATER AND GENETIC MODEL OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM IN NORTH BEIJING [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2006, 28(3): 419-429.
[4]	WANG Guang-cai, ZHANG Zuo-chen, WANG Min, WANG Ji-hua, LIU Wu-zhou, YI Li-xin, SUN Ming-liang. GEOCHEMISTRY OF GEOTHERMAL WATER AND NOBLE GASES IN YANHUAI BASIN, CHINA [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2003, 25(3): 421-429.
[5]	WU Fu-chun, FANG Wei, SONG Li-sheng, WANG Feng, ZHU Xing-guo, JING Bei-ke, DONG Xing-hong, ZUO Yong-qing. ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG GEOTHERMAL WATER EXPLOITATION, GROUND SUBSIDENCE AND GROUND FISSURES IN XI'AN CITY, CHINA [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2002, 24(2): 234-240.
[6]	Liu Chunguo. HYDRODYNAMIC DISPERSION AND TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY PRECURSOR INFORMATION [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 1997, 19(4): 358-362.
[7]	Lin Yuanwu. A DISCUSSION ON THE RELATION OF CIRCULATION DEPTH OF HOT SPRING WATER TO SEISMIC ACTIVITY ON THE NORTHERN SEGMENT OF THE HONGHE FAULT ZONE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 1993, 15(3): 193-206.