STUDY ON VOLCANIC GEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ERUPTION IN EMAN AREA, NORTHERN HAINAN ISLAND

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.04.003

Abstract

Abstract:

As one of the largest Quaternary volcanic clusters in China, the volcanic activities of Qiongbei are characterized by multi-stage and multi-cycle. However, the eruption era of Eman volcanic rocks located in the northwest of Qiongbei volcanic cluster is still controversial. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of volcanic geology and geomorphology, whole-rock major elements, K-Ar geochronology of volcanic rocks and ¹⁴C geochronology of conch, in order to reveal the epoch of volcanic activity and eruption characteristics of Eman volcanic field. According to the field geological survey, it is found that Eman volcanic field has many craters, such as Bijialing, Chunliling, Bingmajiao, Longmenjilang, Longmen Pharos, and Zhangwu. The main types of eruptions are effusive eruption, phreatomagmatic explosive eruption and weakly magmatic explosive eruption. Lava flows almost cover the entire volcanic field, with an area of about 26.3km², which are mainly formed by the eruptions of Bijialing and Chunliling volcanoes in the central-south of the volcanic field. Among them, Bijialing volcano consists of five volcanoes, with steep-slope cones and grayish-black block lavas. Chunliling volcano is located in the east of Bijialing, with gentle slope cone, few lava outcrops and spherical weathering. However, the distribution of base-surge deposits, spattering deposits and scoria is relatively small, and limited to the vicinity of Longmenjilang to Wucaiwan and Zhangwu Village. They were formed by phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions of Bingmajiao and Zhangwu volcano, as well as weakly magmatic explosive eruptions of Longmenjilang and Longmen Pharos volcanoes. Moreover, compared with the Holocene Shishan and Late Pleistocene Daotang basalts in Haikou, Eman volcanic rocks have a wider range of silicon(SiO₂=51.39%~55.00%)and alkali(K₂O+Na₂O=3.51%~8.48%)content. Nevertheless, they are general intermediates, mainly composed of basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite and trachyandesite, and experienced fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene in the process of magmatic evolution. Combining the weathering degree of volcanic rocks(spherical weathering, red clay layer), volcanic geology and geomorphology(cone morphology, slope), petrology and petrogeochemistry(difference of major elements, olivine phenocryst alteration), K-Ar age of volcanic rocks(0.12~0.44Ma)and ¹⁴C age of conch((43.27±0.67)kaBP), we conclude that the eruption era in Eman volcanic field belongs to the Middle and Late Pleistocene.

Key words: Quaternary volcano, eruption type, eruption era, Qiongbei volcanic clusters, Eman

摘要：

琼北作为中国最大的第四纪火山区之一, 其火山活动表现出多期、多旋回的特征, 但位于其西北角的峨蔓火山岩的喷发时代依然存在争议。文中对峨蔓火山区展开了详细的火山地质及地貌调查, 并结合全岩主量元素分析及火山岩K-Ar年代学和贝壳¹⁴C年代学研究, 揭示了其火山活动时代和喷发特征等。峨蔓火山区包括笔架岭、春历岭、兵马角、龙门激浪、龙门灯塔及张屋等火山, 其火山喷发方式主要为溢流式喷发、射汽-岩浆爆破式喷发和弱岩浆爆破式喷发。熔岩流几乎遍及整个火山区, 分布面积约为26.3km²; 基浪堆积物、溅落堆积物以及火山渣分布范围较小, 仅限于龙门激浪-五彩湾和张屋村附近。峨蔓火山岩成分变化较大, 整体偏中性, 主要由玄武安山岩、玄武粗安岩和粗安岩组成, 岩浆演化过程经历了橄榄石和单斜辉石的结晶分异。综合火山岩风化程度(球形风化、红土层)、火山地质与地貌特征(锥体形貌、坡度)、岩石学和地球化学特征(橄榄石斑晶蚀变、全岩成分差异)以及K-Ar年龄(0.12~0.44Ma)和贝壳¹⁴C年代学结果((43.27±0.67)ka BP), 分析认为峨蔓火山区的火山活动时代应属于中、晚更新世。

关键词: 第四纪火山, 喷发方式, 喷发时代, 琼北火山群, 峨蔓

CLC Number:

P317

YANG Wen-jian, ZHAO Bo, YU Hong-mei, XU Jian-dong, PAN Bo, WANG Xi-jiao. STUDY ON VOLCANIC GEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ERUPTION IN EMAN AREA, NORTHERN HAINAN ISLAND[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(4): 859-875.

杨文健, 赵波, 于红梅, 许建东, 潘波, 王锡娇. 琼北峨蔓地区火山地质与喷发历史[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(4): 859-875.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1 The distribution map of the Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Qiongbei (modified after LIU Jian-qiang et al., 2013)(a) and the brief geological map of Eman volcanic field(b).

Fig. 2 Field geological photo in Eman region.

Fig. 3 The section of surge base in south Binmajiao.

Fig. 4 The section of spattering deposits in Longmen-Dengta.

Fig. 5 Microphotographs of volcanic rocks in Eman, its periphery and Haikou area(Maanling and Changdaoling).

Table 1 Major element(wt%)analyses of volcanic rocks in Eman and its periphery

样品编号	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂ $O 3 T$	FeO	CaO	MgO	K₂O	Na₂O	MnO	P₂O₅	H₂O⁺	H₂O^-	LOI	总和	Mg^#
HN8-12-2	54.05	1.59	14.35	11.50	7.99	8.09	6.11	0.70	3.07	0.15	0.20	0.73	0.25	0.06	99.87	51.3
HN8-12-3	55.00	1.55	15.64	9.01	2.28	4.80	3.94	3.50	4.98	0.10	0.52	0.65	0.44	0.67	99.71	46.4
HN8-12-5	51.54	2.02	14.48	10.82	7.79	6.99	6.79	2.59	4.36	0.13	0.51	0.26	0.42	-0.47	99.76	55.4
HN8-12-8	53.36	1.64	14.45	11.78	8.54	8.26	6.17	0.62	3.42	0.15	0.21	0.65	0.44	-0.18	99.87	50.9
HN8-12-11	53.42	1.62	14.60	11.58	1.23	8.02	6.25	0.70	3.05	0.15	0.21	0.19	0.13	0.26	99.86	51.7
HN8-13-3	53.90	1.60	14.16	11.67	8.66	8.20	6.31	0.73	2.95	0.18	0.20	0.54	0.35	-0.1	99.81	51.7
HN8-13-6	54.99	1.59	15.23	9.12	5.95	5.09	5.10	3.42	4.75	0.10	0.52	0.43	0.36	-0.19	99.72	52.6
HN8-13-7	51.78	2.01	14.41	10.78	7.36	6.99	6.75	2.56	4.13	0.13	0.51	0.36	0.18	-0.3	99.76	55.4
HN8-14-2	52.79	1.68	14.89	12.08	8.90	8.39	6.41	0.49	3.02	0.15	0.19	0.58	0.33	-0.23	99.87	51.2
HN8-15-2	54.13	1.76	16.22	10.06	4.39	4.91	4.09	2.97	4.49	0.12	0.51	0.67	0.53	0.44	99.71	44.6
HN8-15-4	54.28	1.67	15.04	9.45	5.47	6.18	5.47	2.60	4.52	0.10	0.46	0.35	0.32	-0.03	99.74	53.4
HN8-15-6	51.49	2.06	14.88	11.20	7.00	6.92	6.12	2.52	3.87	0.12	0.51	0.54	0.40	0.03	99.73	52.0
HN8-16-1	51.39	2.10	14.96	11.23	4.75	6.84	5.80	2.52	3.83	0.13	0.52	0.63	0.47	0.41	99.73	50.6
HN8-16-6	51.55	2.05	14.55	11.11	7.14	6.94	6.83	2.43	3.71	0.14	0.49	0.61	0.34	-0.08	99.72	54.9
HN8-16-3	52.32	1.97	14.66	10.24	6.24	6.84	6.42	2.57	4.10	0.12	0.51	0.35	0.36	-0.02	99.73	55.4
HN8-17-1	51.70	1.90	14.26	11.42	7.70	7.87	7.13	1.66	3.86	0.14	0.41	0.12	0.11	-0.57	99.79	55.3
HN8-17-4	51.39	1.83	14.32	11.45	6.08	8.05	7.10	1.58	3.78	0.14	0.39	0.23	0.17	-0.24	99.77	55.1
HN8-17-5	52.39	1.66	14.83	12.07	8.20	8.37	6.61	0.38	2.97	0.15	0.19	0.62	0.48	0.24	99.86	52.1

Table 1 Major element(wt%)analyses of volcanic rocks in Eman and its periphery

样品编号	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂ $O 3 T$	FeO	CaO	MgO	K₂O	Na₂O	MnO	P₂O₅	H₂O⁺	H₂O^-	LOI	总和	Mg^#
HN8-12-2	54.05	1.59	14.35	11.50	7.99	8.09	6.11	0.70	3.07	0.15	0.20	0.73	0.25	0.06	99.87	51.3
HN8-12-3	55.00	1.55	15.64	9.01	2.28	4.80	3.94	3.50	4.98	0.10	0.52	0.65	0.44	0.67	99.71	46.4
HN8-12-5	51.54	2.02	14.48	10.82	7.79	6.99	6.79	2.59	4.36	0.13	0.51	0.26	0.42	-0.47	99.76	55.4
HN8-12-8	53.36	1.64	14.45	11.78	8.54	8.26	6.17	0.62	3.42	0.15	0.21	0.65	0.44	-0.18	99.87	50.9
HN8-12-11	53.42	1.62	14.60	11.58	1.23	8.02	6.25	0.70	3.05	0.15	0.21	0.19	0.13	0.26	99.86	51.7
HN8-13-3	53.90	1.60	14.16	11.67	8.66	8.20	6.31	0.73	2.95	0.18	0.20	0.54	0.35	-0.1	99.81	51.7
HN8-13-6	54.99	1.59	15.23	9.12	5.95	5.09	5.10	3.42	4.75	0.10	0.52	0.43	0.36	-0.19	99.72	52.6
HN8-13-7	51.78	2.01	14.41	10.78	7.36	6.99	6.75	2.56	4.13	0.13	0.51	0.36	0.18	-0.3	99.76	55.4
HN8-14-2	52.79	1.68	14.89	12.08	8.90	8.39	6.41	0.49	3.02	0.15	0.19	0.58	0.33	-0.23	99.87	51.2
HN8-15-2	54.13	1.76	16.22	10.06	4.39	4.91	4.09	2.97	4.49	0.12	0.51	0.67	0.53	0.44	99.71	44.6
HN8-15-4	54.28	1.67	15.04	9.45	5.47	6.18	5.47	2.60	4.52	0.10	0.46	0.35	0.32	-0.03	99.74	53.4
HN8-15-6	51.49	2.06	14.88	11.20	7.00	6.92	6.12	2.52	3.87	0.12	0.51	0.54	0.40	0.03	99.73	52.0
HN8-16-1	51.39	2.10	14.96	11.23	4.75	6.84	5.80	2.52	3.83	0.13	0.52	0.63	0.47	0.41	99.73	50.6
HN8-16-6	51.55	2.05	14.55	11.11	7.14	6.94	6.83	2.43	3.71	0.14	0.49	0.61	0.34	-0.08	99.72	54.9
HN8-16-3	52.32	1.97	14.66	10.24	6.24	6.84	6.42	2.57	4.10	0.12	0.51	0.35	0.36	-0.02	99.73	55.4
HN8-17-1	51.70	1.90	14.26	11.42	7.70	7.87	7.13	1.66	3.86	0.14	0.41	0.12	0.11	-0.57	99.79	55.3
HN8-17-4	51.39	1.83	14.32	11.45	6.08	8.05	7.10	1.58	3.78	0.14	0.39	0.23	0.17	-0.24	99.77	55.1
HN8-17-5	52.39	1.66	14.83	12.07	8.20	8.37	6.61	0.38	2.97	0.15	0.19	0.62	0.48	0.24	99.86	52.1

Fig. 6 TAS diagram of volcanic rocks in Eman and its periphery(after Le Bas et al., 1986).

Fig. 7 Harker diagrams for volcanic rocks in Eman and its periphery.

Table 2 Major parameters of Bijialing, Chunliling and Maanling volcanoes

位置	锥底直径¹/m	锥底直径²/m	高度/m	平均坡度/(°)	最大坡度/(°)
笔架岭1号火山	355	338	40	11.79	23.12
笔架岭5号火山	301	420	60	12.39	28.74
春历岭火山西南侧	300	198	35	18.65	21.31
春历岭火山北侧	561	563	30	5.01	11.83
马鞍岭火山	500	408	40	15.64	30.50

Table 3 The K-Ar chronology of volcanic rocks in Eman

样品编号	采样点	岩性	K/%	$40 A r r a d$ /mol·g^-1	$40 A r r a d$ /%	表面年龄±1σ/Ma	资料来源
81-K-15	笔架山	火山岩	1.52	2.402×10^-12	4.95	1.05±0.30	朱炳泉等, 1989
K-3	峨蔓	火山岩	2.24	7.86×10^-13	16.58	0.20±0.01	葛同明等, 1989
EMB-6	峨蔓岭西	火山岩	1.03	1.196×10^-12	7.517	0.67±0.07	樊祺诚等, 2004
HN8-16-3	三都村东	火山岩	1.73	2.96×10^-13	7.23	0.12±0.01	本工作
HN8-16-6	鱼骨村南	火山岩	2.24	6.98×10^-13	25.06	0.23±0.01	本工作
HN8-17-4	和盛北	火山岩	2.55	1.54×10^-12	5.16	0.44±0.06	本工作

Table 3 The K-Ar chronology of volcanic rocks in Eman

样品编号	采样点	岩性	K/%	$40 A r r a d$ /mol·g^-1	$40 A r r a d$ /%	表面年龄±1σ/Ma	资料来源
81-K-15	笔架山	火山岩	1.52	2.402×10^-12	4.95	1.05±0.30	朱炳泉等, 1989
K-3	峨蔓	火山岩	2.24	7.86×10^-13	16.58	0.20±0.01	葛同明等, 1989
EMB-6	峨蔓岭西	火山岩	1.03	1.196×10^-12	7.517	0.67±0.07	樊祺诚等, 2004
HN8-16-3	三都村东	火山岩	1.73	2.96×10^-13	7.23	0.12±0.01	本工作
HN8-16-6	鱼骨村南	火山岩	2.24	6.98×10^-13	25.06	0.23±0.01	本工作
HN8-17-4	和盛北	火山岩	2.55	1.54×10^-12	5.16	0.44±0.06	本工作

样品编号	采样点	岩性	测年方法	距今年龄/ka	资料来源
15	峨蔓南部	凝灰岩烘烤层	TL	276±13.8	张仲英等, 1989
HN8-12-8	兵马角	贝壳	¹⁴C	43.27±0.67	本工作

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