APPLICATION OF SFM PHOTOGRAMMETRY METHOD TO THE QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF ACTIVE TECTONICS

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.04.003

Abstract

Abstract: High-precision and high-resolution topographic data are the basis of quantitative study of active tectonics. The appearance and rapid development of photogrammetry method provide an economical and effective technical means for obtaining high precision terrain data. Compared with traditional measurement methods, the photogrammetry method can be carried out in a wide range without being limited by the ground visibility conditions, and the measurement cost is also relatively low. Especially in recent years, with the rapid development of computer vision theory and efficient automatic feature matching algorithm, a 3D reconstruction technique called "Structure from Motion"(SfM)was introduced into the photogrammetry method, greatly improving the automation of the photogrammetry method. This paper mainly introduces the basic principle and the development of photogrammetry method, and also summarizes the application of photogrammetry method in the study of active tectonics, and finally demonstrates the great application potential of photogrammetry method in the quantitative study of active tectonics by displaying a specific application example.

Key words: photogrammetry method, Structure from Motion(SfM), high precision terrain data, active tectonics

摘要： 高精度、高分辨率的地形地貌数据是活动构造定量研究的基础。摄影测量方法的出现和快速发展为获取高精度地形地貌数据提供了一种经济有效的技术手段。相比于传统的测量方法，摄影测量方法可在大范围内同时进行，不受地面通视条件的限制，且测量成本相对较低。尤其近年来，随着计算机视觉理论及高效的自动特征匹配算法的发展，一种名为"Structure from Motion"（SfM）的三维重建技术被引入摄影测量方法中，极大地提高了摄影测量的自动化程度。文中介绍了摄影测量方法的基本原理及发展历程，并综述了摄影测量方法在活动构造研究中的应用，最后通过SfM摄影测量方法在活动构造研究中的1个具体应用实例，展示了摄影测量方法在活动构造定量研究中的巨大应用潜力。

关键词: 摄影测量, Structure from Motion(SfM), 高精度地形地貌数据, 活动构造

CLC Number:

P315.2

BI Hai-yun, ZHENG Wen-jun, ZENG Jiang-yuan, YU Jing-xing, REN Zhi-kun. APPLICATION OF SFM PHOTOGRAMMETRY METHOD TO THE QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF ACTIVE TECTONICS[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2017, 39(4): 656-674.

毕海芸, 郑文俊, 曾江源, 俞晶星, 任治坤. SfM摄影测量方法在活动构造定量研究中的应用[J]. 地震地质, 2017, 39(4): 656-674.

References

陈桂华, 徐锡伟, 闻学泽, 等. 2006. 数字航空摄影测量学方法在活动构造中的应用[J]. 地球科学-中国地质大学学报, 31(3):405-410. CHEN Gui-hua, XU Xi-wei, WEN Xue-ze, et al. 2006. Application of digital aerophotogrammetry in active tectonics[J]. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 31(3):405-410(in Chinese).
邓起东, 陈立春, 冉勇康. 2004. 活动构造定量研究与应用[J]. 地学前缘, 11(4):383-392. DENG Qi-dong, CHEN Li-chun, RAN Yong-kang. 2004. Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 11(4):383-392(in Chinese).
邓起东, 张培震, 冉勇康, 等. 2002. 中国活动构造基本特征[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 32(12):1020-1030. DENG Qi-dong, ZHANG Pei-zhen, RAN Yong-kang, et al. 2003. Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China[J]. Science in China(Ser D), 46(4):356-372.
丁国瑜, 田勤俭, 孔凡臣, 等. 1993. 活断层分段:原则、方法及应用[M]. 北京:地震出版社. DING Guo-yu, TIAN Qin-jian, KONG Fan-chen, et al. 1993. Segmentation of Active Faults:Principles, Methods and Applications[M]. Seismological Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
刘静, 陈涛, 张培震, 等. 2013. 机载激光雷达扫描揭示海原断裂带微地貌的精细结构[J]. 科学通报, 58(1):41-45. LIU Jing, CHEN Tao, ZHANG Pei-zhen, et al. 2013. Illuminating the active Haiyuan Fault, China by airborne light detection and ranging[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 58(1):41-45(in Chinese).
马洪超. 2011. 激光雷达测量技术在地学中的若干应用[J]. 地球科学-中国地质大学学报, 36(2):347-354. MA Hong-chao. 2011. Review on applications of LiDAR mapping technology to geosciences[J]. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 36(2):347-354(in Chinese).
马素颜. 2009. 基于高分辨率卫星遥感数据提取DEM方法研究[D]. 上海:华东师范大学. MA Su-yan. 2009. Research on the extraction of DEM based on high resolution remotely-sensed data[D]. East China Normal University, Shanghai(in Chinese).
闵伟, 张培震, 何文贵, 等. 2002. 酒西盆地断层活动特征及古地震研究[J]. 地震地质, 24(1):35-44. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2002.01.004. MIN Wei, ZHANG Pei-zhen, HE Wen-gui, et al. 2002. Research on the active faults and paleoearthquakes in the western Jiuquan Basin[J]. Seismology and Geology, 24(1):35-44(in Chinese).
冉勇康, 邓起东. 1999. 古地震学研究的历史、现状和发展趋势[J]. 科学通报, 44(1):12-20. RAN Yong-kang, DENG Qi-dong. 1999. History, status and trend about the research of paleoseismology[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 44(10):880-889.
任治坤, 陈涛, 张会平, 等. 2014. LiDAR技术在活动构造研究中的应用[J]. 地质学报, 88(6):1196-1207. REN Zhi-kun, CHEN Tao, ZHANG Hui-ping, et al. 2014. LiDAR survey in active tectonics studies:An introduction and overview[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 88(6):1196-1207(in Chinese).
王朋涛, 邵延秀, 张会平, 等. 2016. sUAV摄影技术在活动构造研究中的应用:以海原断裂骟马沟为例[J]. 第四纪研究, 36(2):433-442. WANG Peng-tao, SHAO Yan-xiu, ZHANG Hui-ping, et al. 2016. The application of sUAV photogrammetry in active tectonics:Shanmagou site of Haiyuan Fault, for example[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 36(2):433-442(in Chinese).
魏占玉, Ramon A, 何宏林, 等. 2015. 基于SfM方法的高密度点云数据生成及精度分析[J]. 地震地质, 37(2):636-648. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2002.01.004. WEI Zhan-yu, Ramon A, HE Hong-lin, et al. 2015. Accuracy analysis of terrain point cloud acquired by "Structure from Motion" using aerial photos[J]. Seismology and Geology, 37(2):636-648(in Chinese).
袁道阳, 张培震, 刘百篪, 等. 2004. 青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换[J]. 地质学报, 78(2):270-278. YUAN Dao-yang, ZHANG Pei-zhen, LIU Bai-chi, et al. 2004. Geometrical imagery and tectonic transformation of late Quaternary active tectonics in northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 78(2):270-278(in Chinese).
张剑清, 潘励, 王树根. 2009. 摄影测量学[M]. 武汉:武汉大学出版社. ZHANG Jian-qing, PAN Li, WANG Shu-gen. 2009. Photogrammetry[M]. Wuhan University Press, Wuhan(in Chinese).
张祖勋, 张剑清. 2012. 数字摄影测量学[M]. 武汉:武汉大学出版社. ZHANG Zu-xun, ZHANG Jian-qing. 2012. Digital Photogrammetry[M]. Wuhan University Press, Wuhan(in Chinese).
郑文俊, 雷启云, 杜鹏, 等. 2015. 激光雷达(LiDAR):获取高精度古地震探槽信息的一种新技术[J]. 地震地质, 37(1):232-241. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2002.01.004. ZHENG Wen-jun, LEI Qi-yun, DU Peng, et al. 2015. 3-D laser scanner(LiDAR):A new technology for acquiring high precision palaeoearthquake trench information[J]. Seismology and Geology, 37(1):232-241(in Chinese).
Angster S, Wesnousky S, Huang W L, et al. 2016. Application of UAV photography to refining the slip rate on the Pyramid Lake fault zone, Nevada[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 106(2):785-798.
Arrowsmith J R, Zielke O. 2009. Tectonic geomorphology of the San Andreas fault zone from high resolution topography:An example from the Cholame segment[J]. Geomorphology, 113(1-2):70-81.
Baltsavias E P, Favey E, Bauder A, et al. 2001. Digital surface modelling by airborne laser scanning and digital photogrammetry for glacier monitoring[J]. The Photogrammetric Record, 17(98):243-273.
Bemis S P, Micklethwaite S, Turner D, et al. 2014. Ground-based and UAV-Based photogrammetry:A multi-scale, high-resolution mapping tool for structural geology and paleoseismology[J]. Journal of Structural Geology, 69:163-178.
Bi H Y, Zheng W J, Ren Z K, et al. 2017. Using an unmanned aerial vehicle for topography mapping of the fault zone based on structure from motion photogrammetry[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38:2495-2510.
Chen T, Zhang P Z, Liu J, et al. 2014. Quantitative study of tectonic geomorphology along Haiyuan Fault based on airborne LiDAR[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(20):2396-2409.
Crone A J, Haller K M. 1991. Segmentation and the coseismic behavior of Basin and Range normal faults:Examples from east-central Idaho and southwestern Montana, U.S.A.[J]. Journal of Structural Geology, 13(2):151-164.
Cunningham D, Grebby S, Tansey K, et al. 2006. Application of airborne LiDAR to mapping seismogenic faults in forested mountainous terrain, southeastern Alps, Slovenia[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(20):L20308.
Fonstad M A, Dietrich J T, Courville B C, et al. 2013. Topographic structure from motion:A new development in photogrammetric measurement[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 38(4):421-430.
Fraser C S, Cronk S. 2009. A hybrid measurement approach for close-range photogrammetry[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 64(3):328-333.
Graham L C. 1974. Synthetic interferometer radar for topographic mapping[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 62(6):763-768.
Harwin S, Lucieer A. 2012. Assessing the accuracy of georeferenced point clouds produced via multi-view stereopsis from unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)imagery[J]. Remote Sensing, 4(6):1573-1599.
Hudnut K W, Borsa A, Glennie C, et al. 2002. High-resolution topography along surface rupture of the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake(M_W7.1)from airborne laser swath mapping[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(4):1570-1576.
James M R, Robson S. 2012. Straightforward reconstruction of 3D surfaces and topography with a camera:Accuracy and geoscience application[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface, 117(F3):94-96.
Javernick L, Brasington J, Caruso B. 2014. Modeling the topography of shallow braided rivers using Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry[J]. Geomorphology, 213:F03017.
Johnson K, Nissen E, Saripalli S, et al. 2014. Rapid mapping of ultrafine fault zone topography with structure from motion[J]. Geosphere, 10(5):969-986.
Lasserre C, Morel P H, Gaudemer Y, et al. 1999. Postglacial left slip rate and past occurrence of M ≥ 8 earthquakes on the western Haiyuan Fault, Gansu, China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 104(B8):17633-17651.
Lin Z, Kaneda H, Mukoyama S, et al. 2013. Detection of subtle tectonic-geomorphic features in densely forested mountains by very high-resolution airborne LiDAR survey[J]. Geomorphology, 182:104-115.
Lucieer A, de Jong S M, Turner D. 2014a. Mapping landslide displacements using Structure from Motion(SfM)and image correlation of multi-temporal UAV photography[J]. Progress in Physical Geography, 38(1):97-116.
Lucieer A, Turner D, King D H, et al. 2014b. Using an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)to capture micro-topography of Antarctic moss beds[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 27:53-62.
Machette M N, Personius S F, Nelson A R, et al. 1991. The Wasatch fault zone, Utah-Segmentation and history of Holocene earthquakes[J]. Journal of Structural Geology, 13(2):137-149.
Mancini F, Dubbini M, Gattelli M, et al. 2013. Using unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)for high-resolution reconstruction of topography:The structure from motion approach on coastal environments[J]. Remote Sensing, 5(12):6880-6898.
Matthews N A. 2008. Aerial and close-range photogrammetric technology:Providing resource documentation, interpretation, and preservation:Technical note, 428[R]. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National Operations Center, Denver, Colorado:42.
McCalpin J P. 1996. Trench technology[C]//The Paleoseismology Workshop of 30th IGC. Beijing:86-111.
Micheletti N, Chandler J H, Lane S N. 2015. Investigating the geomorphological potential of freely available and accessible structure-from-motion photogrammetry using a smartphone[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 40(4):473-486.
Middleton T A, Walker R T, Parsons B, et al. 2016. A major, intraplate, normal-faulting earthquake:The 1739 Yinchuan event in northern China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 121(1):293-320.
Oskin M E, Arrowsmith J R, Corona A H, et al. 2012. Near-field deformation from the El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake revealed by differential LIDAR[J]. Science, 335(6069):702-705.
Ouédraogo M M, Degré A, Debouche C, et al. 2014. The evaluation of unmanned aerial system-based photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning to generate DEMs of agricultural watersheds[J]. Geomorphology, 214:339-355.
Peltzer G, Tapponnier P, Armijo R. 1989. Magnitude of late Quaternary left-lateral displacements along the north edge of Tibet[J]. Science, 246(4935):1285-1289.
Rabus B, Eineder M, Roth A, et al. 2003. The shuttle radar topography mission:A new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 57(4):241-262.
Reitman N G, Bennett S E K, Gold R D, et al. 2015. High-resolution trench photomosaics from image-based modeling:Workflow and error analysis[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105(5):2354-2366.
Ren Z K, Zhang Z W, Chen T, et al. 2016. Clustering of offsets on the Haiyuan Fault and their relationship to paleoearthquakes[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 128(1-2):3-18.
Ritts B D, Yue Y J, Graham S A. 2004. Oligocene-Miocene tectonics and sedimentation along the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern Tibetan plateau:Analysis of the Xorkol, Subei, and Aksay Basins[J]. The Journal of Geology, 112(2):207-229.
Snavely N, Seitz S M, Szeliski R. 2008. Modeling the world from internet photo collections[J]. International Journal of Computer Vision, 80(2):189-210.
Tapponnier P, Meyer B, Avouac J P, et al. 1990. Active thrusting and folding in the Qilian Shan, and decoupling between upper crust and mantle in northeastern Tibet[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 97(3-4):382-403.
Ullman S. 1979. The interpretation of structure from motion[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences, 203(1153):405-426.
Westoby M J, Brasington J, Glasser N F, et al. 2012. ‘Structure-from-Motion’ photogrammetry:A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications[J]. Geomorphology, 179:300-314.
Whitehead K, Moorman B J, Hugenholtz C H. 2013. Low-cost, on-demand aerial photogrammetry for glaciological measurement[J]. Cryosphere Discussions, 7(3):3043-3057.
Yuan D Y, Champagnac J D, Ge W P, et al. 2011. Late Quaternary right-lateral slip rates of faults adjacent to the lake Qinghai, northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 123(9-10):2016-2030.
Zebker H A, Goldstein R M. 1986. Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 91(B5):4993-4999.
Zebker H A, Werner C L, Rosen P A, et al. 1994. Accuracy of topographic maps derived from ERS -1 interferometric radar[J]. IEEE transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 32(4):823-836.
Zhang P Z, Molnar P, Xu X W. 2007. Late Quaternary and present-day rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern margin of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Tectonics, 26(5):TC5010.
Zheng W J, Zhang P Z, He W G, et al. 2013a. Transformation of displacement between strike-slip and crustal shortening in the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau:Evidence from decadal GPS measurements and late Quaternary slip rates on faults[J]. Tectonophysics, 584:267-280.
Zheng W J, Zhang H P, Zhang P Z, et al. 2013b. Late Quaternary slip rates of the thrust faults in western Hexi Corridor(northern Qilian Shan, China)and their implications for northeastward growth of the Tibetan plateau[J]. Geosphere, 9(2):342-354.
Zhou Y, Parsons B, Elliott J R, et al. 2015. Assessing the ability of Pleiades stereo imagery to determine height changes in earthquakes:A case study for the El Mayor-Cucapah epicentral area[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 120(12):8793-8808.
Zhou Y, Walker R T, Hollingsworth J, et al. 2016. Coseismic and postseismic displacements from the 1978 M_W7.3 Tabas-e-Golshan earthquake in eastern Iran[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 452:185-196.
Zielke O, Arrowsmith J R, Ludwig L G, et al. 2010. Slip in the 1857 and earlier large earthquakes along the Carrizo Plain, San Andreas Fault[J]. Science, 327(5969):1119-1122.
Zielke O, Arrowsmith J R, Ludwig L G, et al. 2012. High-resolution topography-derived offsets along the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake rupture trace, San Andreas Fault[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 102(3):1135-1154.

[1]	ZHANG Ling, MIAO Shu-qing, YANG Xiao-ping. THE ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AUTOMATIC EXTRACTING METHOD FOR ACTIVE THRUST FAULTS IN THE NORTH TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS BASED ON ARCGIS SOFTWARE PLATFORM [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(2): 422-434.
[2]	WANG Wen-xin, SHAO Yan-xiu, YAO Wen-qian, LIU-ZENG Jing, HAN Long-fei, LIU Xiao-li, GAO Yun-peng, WANG Zi-jun, QIN Ke-xin, TU Hong-wei. RAPID EXTRACTION OF FEATURES AND INDOOR RECON-STRUCTION OF 3D STRUCTURES OF MADOI M_W7.4 EARTHQUAKE SURFACE RUPTURES BASED ON PHOTOGRAMMETRY METHOD [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(2): 524-540.
[3]	AI Ming, BI Hai-yun, ZHENG Wen-jun, YIN Jin-hui, YUAN Dao-yang, REN Zhi-kun, CHEN Gan, LIU Jin-rui. USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNOLOGY TO OBTAIN QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF ACTIVE TECTONICS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(6): 1276-1293.
[4]	WANG Si-yu, AI Ming, WU Chuan-yong, LEI Qi-yun, ZHANG Hui-ping, REN Guang-xue, LI Chuan-you, REN Zhi-kun. APPLICATION OF DEM GENERATION TECHNOLOGY FROM HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGE IN QUANTITATIVE ACTIVE TECTONICS STUDY: A CASE STUDY OF FAULT SCARPS IN THE SOUTHERN MARGIN OF KUMISHI BASIN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(5): 999-1017.
[5]	HAN Xiao-ming, Liu Fang, ZHANG Fan, CHEN Li-feng, LI Juan, LI Shuan-hu, YANG Hong-ying. 3D P-WAVE VELOCITY STRUCTURE AT THE NORTHEASTERN MARGIN OF ORDOS BLOCK [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(1): 215-231.
[6]	WU Xi-yan, XU Xi-wei, YU Gui-hua, CHENG Jia, CHEN Gui-hua, AN Yan-fen, WANG Qi-xin. MAP PREPARATION OF EARTHQUAKE SURFACE RUPTURES IN THE NATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL FIELD OF EARTHQUAKE MONITORING AND PREDICTION IN SICHUAN AND YUNNAN PROVINCE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(1): 27-41.
[7]	YANG Hai-bo, YANG Xiao-ping, HUANG Xiong-nan, HUANG Wei-liang, LUO Jia-hong. DATA COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN SFM DATA AND DGPS DATA: A CASE STUDY FROM FAULT SCARP IN THE EAST BANK OF HONGSHUIBA RIVER, NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE QILIAN SHAN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(4): 1030-1046.
[8]	SUN Xin-zhe, TANG Sheng-quan. THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE ACTIVE TECTONICS RESEARCH [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(1): 211-220.
[9]	WEI Zhan-yu, Arrowsmith Ramon, HE Hong-lin, GAO Wei. ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF TERRAIN POINT CLOUD ACQUIRED BY "STRUCTURE FROM MOTION" USING AERIAL PHOTOS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2015, 37(2): 636-648.
[10]	MA Chao, QU Chun-yan, MENG Xiu-jun. EMBANKMENT STABILITY OF THE NORTH HENAN SECTION OF MIDDLE ROUTE PROJECT(MRP) OF SOUTH-TO-NORTH WATER DIVERSION BASED ON INSAR TIME SERIES ANALYSIS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(3): 749-762.
[11]	YU Gui-hua, DU Ke-ping, XU Xi-wei, WU Xi-yan, WANG Yin. RESEARCH ON ACTIVE FAULT DATABASE CONSTRUCTION RELATED ISSUES [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2012, (4): 713-725.
[12]	DENG Qi-dong, WEN Xue-ze. A REVIEW ON THE RESEARCH OF ACTIVE TECTONICS——HISTORY, PROGRESS AND SUGGESTIONS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2008, 30(1): 1-30.
[13]	ZHANG Hui-ping, ZHANG Pei-zhen, ZHENG Wen-jun, ZHENG De-wen, CHEN Zheng-wei. ACTIVE TECTONIC RATES CONSTRAINED BY TERRESTRIAL IN SITU COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES DATING [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY, 2007, 29(2): 418-430.
[14]	CHEN Li-chun, CHEN Gui-hua, CHEN Li-ze, RAN Yong-kang, YANG Xiao-ping. ETM IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND INTERPRETATION OF ACTIVE TECTONICS OF THE AREA AROUND THE KALPINTAG THRUST SYSTEM [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2006, 28(2): 289-298.
[15]	SHEN Jun, WU Chuan-yong, LI Jun, XIANG Zhi-yong, CHEN Jian-bo, XIE Tian, SONG Zheng-na, WANG Cui. THE BASIC FEATURES OF THE ACTIVE TECTONICS IN THE KUQA DEPRESSION OF THE SOUTHERN TIANSHAN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2006, 28(2): 269-278.