IDENTIFY PALEO-EARTHQUAKES USING QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF BEDROCK FAULT SURFACE——A CASE STUDY ON THE HUOSHAN PIEDMONT FAULT

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.02.005

Abstract

Abstract:

The quantitative analysis of morphologic characteristics of bedrock fault surface is a useful approach to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquake. It is an effective complement to trenching technique, especially to identify paleo-earthquakes in a bedrock area where the trenching technique cannot be applied. In this paper, we calculate the 2D fractal dimension of three bedrock fault surfaces on Huoshan piedmont fault in Shanxi graben, China using the isotropic empirical variogram. Taking average fractal dimensions of every horizontal tape and plotting them along the vertical axis, we find the fractal dimension presents pronounced segmentation in vertical direction. This step change of the average fractal dimensions demonstrates obvious segmentation of the fault surface morphology. Then, the segmentation of fault surface morphology, showing different exposure duration of each segment, is caused by periodic faulting earthquake, but not continuous erosion. Therefore, taking best normal fitting of average fractal dimensions of each segment as a characteristic value to describe the surface morphology of the fault surface segment, the characteristic value can be used to estimate the exposure duration of the fault surface segment and then the occurrence time of the faulting earthquake that made the segment exposed. The width of each fault surface segment can also be regarded as an approximate vertical coseismic displacement. Based on the segmentation of quantitative morphology of the three fault surfaces on the Huoshan piedmont fault, we identify three faulting earthquake events. Combined with trenching results reported by previous researches, we attempt to fit an empirical relationship between the exposure time and the morphological characteristic value on the fault. The co-seismic vertical displacement of a characteristic earthquake on the Huoshan piedmont fault is estimated to be 3.5m(3~4m), the average width of all middle fault surface segments. Moreover, the small gap of average 0.5~1m width between two adjacent segments, where fractal value increases gradually with the increased fault surface height, is inferred to be caused by erosion between two faulting earthquakes.

Key words: morphology of bedrock fault surface, paleo-earthquake, isotropic empirical variogram, Huoshan piedmont fault

摘要：

基岩断层面形貌特征的定量分析方法是研究断层活动历史和识别古地震的有效手段, 是对探槽技术的有力补充, 可以弥补在基岩区开展古地震研究技术手段的严重不足。文中以山西霍山山前断裂上的断层面(崖)为例, 采用各向同性变差函数法计算了断层面形貌的2D分维值, 并通过沿断层走向逐条平均的方式获得了2D分维值在断层倾向上的分布特征, 结果显示断层面形貌在倾向上具有显著的分带性特征, 由此获得的每个分带的特征分维值随断层面高度的增加呈阶跃式增加。这种断层面形貌在倾向上的显著分带性特征、特征分维值的阶跃式增加反映了断层面的出露方式不是渐进式, 而是不连续的间歇式; 这种间歇式分带性出露方式与断层的周期性地震活动相关, 每个分带的特征值与每个分带的出露时间相关, 即与地震发生时间相关。因此: 1)可以通过每一个断层面分带的特征分维值估计该分带出露的时间; 2)断层面分带的宽度可以用来估计每次破裂地震的同震位移量。霍山山前断裂带上3个基岩断层面形貌分带揭示出3次地震事件; 3个2D特征分维值不仅显示3个分带自上而下由老变新的阶跃特征, 而且3个阶跃之间大致相等的特征分维值差显示了3次地震发生间隔是大致相等的; 断层面分带的宽度反映出破裂地震的倾向同震位移量大约为3.5m。此外, 在阶跃式分带之间还存在宽0.5~1m的较窄分带, 这些窄分带的特征分维值是随断层面高度增加而逐渐增大的, 显示在间震期基岩断层面被逐渐剥露的特征。

关键词: 基岩断层面形貌, 古地震, 各向同性变差函数法, 霍山山前断裂

CLC Number:

P315.2

HE Hong-lin, WEI Zhan-yu, BI Li-si, XU Yue-ren. IDENTIFY PALEO-EARTHQUAKES USING QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF BEDROCK FAULT SURFACE——A CASE STUDY ON THE HUOSHAN PIEDMONT FAULT[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2015, 37(2): 400-412.

何宏林, 魏占玉, 毕丽思, 徐岳仁. 利用基岩断层面形貌定量特征识别古地震——以霍山山前断裂为例[J]. 地震地质, 2015, 37(2): 400-412.

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