FAULT INTERACTION AND EARTHQUAKE TRIGGERING DURING COSEISMIC PROCESS OF WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.02.002

Abstract

Abstract:

The 2008 M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurring in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province caused heavy casualties and serious economic losses. The northern part of Longmen Shan piedmont fault moved after the main event, with a burst to the surface. Using the model of two faults(Yingxiu-Beichuan and Guanxian-Jiangyou Fault), we discussed the earthquake triggering mechanism and time delay of frictional instability of Longmenshan piedmont fault. Based on the rate- and state-dependent frictional law, we deduced the time delay of new rupture on either condition that shear stress rate is zero or not, and used the results to infer the coseismic process of Wenchuan earthquake. After comparing the time delay of frictional instability of Longmenshan piedmont fault, which was derived from three-component strong ground motion observations of Mianzhu-Qingping and Wenchuan-Wolong stations, we obtained the same results. We found that Yingxiu-Beichuan and Guanxian-Jiangyou Faults did not move together at the same time, but the dynamic seismic waves(stress waves)radiated from Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault triggered the movement of Guanxian-Jiangyou Fault, with a possible time delay of several seconds.

Key words: Wenchuan earthquake, earthquake triggering, rate- and state-dependent frictional law, time delay

摘要：

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生了M_S8.0地震, 造成了重大人员伤亡和经济、财产损失。主震发生时, 龙门山前山断层从都江堰北部开始错动, 且一直破裂到地表。文中利用映秀-北川断裂和灌县-江油断裂2条断层模型, 着重研究和深入探讨了灌县-江油断裂的触发机制以及错动时间。基于滑移速率和状态相依赖的摩擦定律, 推导出在剪切应力变化率是否为0的2种前提条件下的地震触发新破裂的时间延迟, 并将结果用于研究汶川地震是否为同震触发的时间过程上。通过与绵竹清平和汶川卧龙台站的三分量强地面运动观测资料计算出的时间延迟对比, 得到了比较一致的结果, 发现汶川地震中映秀-北川断裂和灌县-江油断裂并不是同时错动的, 而是映秀-北川破裂产生的动态地震波(应力波)触发了灌县-江油断裂, 并造成了几秒到十几秒的触发延迟。

关键词: 汶川地震, 地震触发, 滑移速率和状态相依赖的摩擦定律, 时间延迟

CLC Number:

P315.63

LIU Bo-yan, SHI Bao-ping. FAULT INTERACTION AND EARTHQUAKE TRIGGERING DURING COSEISMIC PROCESS OF WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2015, 37(2): 357-373.

刘博研, 史保平. 汶川地震同震过程中断层间的相互作用及子事件触发[J]. 地震地质, 2015, 37(2): 357-373.

References

陈运泰. 2008. 汶川特大地震的震级和断层长度【J】. 科技导报, 26(10): 26—27.
CHEN Yun-tai. 2008. On the magnitude and the fault length of the great Wenchuan earthquake 【J】. Science & Technology Review, 26(10): 26—27(in Chinese).
邓起东, 陈社发, 赵小麟. 1994. 龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学【J】. 地震地质, 16(4): 389—403.
DENG Qi-dong, CHEN She-fa, ZHAO Xiao-lin. 1994. Tectonics, seismicity and dynamics of Longmenshan Mountains and its adjacent regions 【J】. Seismology and Geology, 16(4): 389—403(in Chinese).
国家地震局震害防御司. 1995. 中国历史强震目录【Z】. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社. 637.
Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention, China Earthquake Administration. 1995. The Catalogue of Modern Earthquakes in China 【Z】. China Science and Technology Press, Beijing. 637(in Chinese).
何仲太, 马保起, 李玉森, 等. 2012. 汶川地震地表破裂带宽度与断层上盘效应【J】. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 48(6): 886—894.
HE Zhong-tai, MA Bao-qi, LI Yu-sen, et al. 2012. Width and hanging wall effect of surface rupture caused by Wenchuan earthquake 【J】. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 48(6): 886—894(in Chinese).
兰景岩, 吕悦军, 彭艳菊, 等. 2009. 汶川8.0级强震记录的近断层效应初步分析【A】. 见: 中国地震局地壳应力研究所编. 汶川8.0级地震地壳动力学研究专辑. 128—137.
LAN Jing-yan, LÜ Yue-jun, PENG Yan-ju, et al. 2009. A preliminary analysis on the near-fault effect of strong-motion observations from the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, China 【A】. In: Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration(ed). Monograph on Crustal Dynamics of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 Earthquake. Seismological Press, Beijing. 128—137(in Chinese).
李勇, 周荣军, 董顺利, 等. 2008. 汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲走滑作用【J】. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 35(4): 404—413.
LI Yong, ZHOU Rong-jun, DONG Shun-li, et al. 2008. Surface rupture, thrusting and strike-slipping in the Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan, China 【J】. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition), 35(4): 404—413(in Chinese).
刘博研, 史保平. 2011. M_S8.0汶川地震断层的应力状态以及对余震危险性的影响【J】. 地球物理学报, 54(4): 1002—1009.
LIU Bo-yan, SHI Bao-ping. 2011. The state of stress of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake faulting and its implication to the aftershock hazard 【J】. Chinese J Geophys, 54(4): 1002—1009(in Chinese).
刘静, 张智慧, 文力, 等. 2008. 汶川8级大地震同震破裂的特殊性及构造意义: 多条平行断裂同时活动的反序型逆冲地震事件【J】. 地质学报, 82(12): 1707—1722.
LIU Jing, ZHANG Zhi-hui, WEN Li, et al. 2008. The M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake co-seismic rupture and its tectonic implications: An out-of-sequence thrusting event with slip partitioned on multiple faults 【J】. Acta Geologica Sinica, 82(12): 1707—1722(in Chinese).
马保起, 苏刚, 侯治华, 等. 2005. 利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率【J】. 地震地质, 27(2): 234—242.
MA Bao-qi, SU Gang, HOU Zhi-hua, et al. 2005. Late Quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan Fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang River 【J】. Seismology and Geology, 27(2): 234—242(in Chinese).
单斌, 熊熊, 郑勇, 等. 2009. 2008 年5 月12 日M_W7.9 汶川地震导致的周边断层应力变化【J】. 中国科学(D辑), 39(5): 537—545.
SHAN Bin, XIONG Xiong, ZHENG Yong, et al. 2009. Stress changes on major faults caused by M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, May 12, 2008 【J】. Science in China(Ser D), 52(5): 593—601.
申文豪, 刘博研, 史保平. 2013. 汶川M_W7.9地震余震序列触发机制研究【J】. 地震学报, 35(4): 461—476.
SHEN Wen-hao, LIU Bo-yan, SHI Bao-ping. 2013. The triggering mechanism of aftershocks triggered by M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake 【J】. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 35(4): 461—476(in Chinese).
万永革, 沈正康, 盛书中, 等. 2009. 2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响【J】. 地震学报, 31(2): 128—139.
WAN Yong-ge, SHEN Zheng-kang, SHENG Shu-zhong, et al. 2009. The influence of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on surrounding faults 【J】. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 31(2): 128—139(in Chinese).
王卫民, 赵连锋, 李娟, 等. 2008. 四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程【J】. 地球物理学报, 51(5): 1403—1410.
WANG Wei-min, ZHAO Lian-feng, LI Juan, et al. 2008. Rupture process of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan, China 【J】. Chinese J Geophys, 51(5): 1403—1410(in Chinese).
解朝娣, 朱元清, Xinglin Lei, 等. 2010. M_S8.0汶川地震产生的应力变化空间分布及其对地震活动性的影响【J】. 中国科学(D辑), 40: 688—698.
XIE Chao-di, ZHU Yuan-qing, Xinglin Lei, et al. 2010. Pattern of stress change and its effect on seismicity rate caused by M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake 【J】. Science in China(Ser D), 40: 688—698(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 闻学泽, 叶建青, 等. 2008. 汶川M_S8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造【J】. 地震地质, 30(3): 597—629.
XU Xi-wei, WEN Xue-ze, YE Jian-qing, et al. 2008. The M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure 【J】. Seismology and Geology, 30(3): 597—629(in Chinese).
张培震, 徐锡伟, 闻学泽, 等. 2008. 2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因【J】. 地球物理学报, 51(4): 1066—1073.
ZHANG Pei-zhen, XU Xi-wei, WEN Xue-ze, et al. 2008. Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmenshan active fault zone, and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, 2008, Sichuan, China 【J】. Chinese J Geophys, 51(4): 1066—1073(in Chinese).
Belardinelli M E, Cocco M, Coutant O, et al. 1999. Redistribution of dynamic stress during coseismic ruptures: Evidence for fault interaction and earthquake triggering 【J】. J Geophys Res, 14: 14925—14945.
Boatwright J, Cocco M. 1996. Frictional constraints on crustal faulting 【J】. J Geophys Res, 11: 13895—13910.
Bouchon M. 1997. The state of stress on some faults of the San Andreas system as inferred from near-field strong motion data 【J】. J Geophys Res, 12: 11731—11744.
Bowman D, King G, Tapponnier P. 2003. Slip partitioning by elasto-plastic propagation of oblique slip at depth 【J】. Science, 30: 1121—1123.
Chen S F, Wilson C J L, Deng Q D, et al. 1994. Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Min Shan and Longmen Mountains, northeastern Tibetan plateau 【J】. J Geophys Res, 99: 24025—24038.
Das S, Scholz C H. 1981. Theory of time dependent rupture in the Earth 【J】. J Geophys Res, 86: 6039—6051.
Dieterich J H. 1972. Time dependence friction as a possible mechanism for aftershocks 【J】. J Geophys Res, 77: 3771—3781.
Dieterich J H. 1992. Earthquake nucleation on faults with rate and state-dependent strength 【J】. Tectonophysics, 211: 115—134.
Dieterich J H. 1994. A constitutive law for rate of earthquake production and its application to earthquake clustering 【J】. J Geophys Res, 99: 2601—2618.
Dieterich J H, Kilgore B D. 1996. Implications of fault constitutive properties for earthquake prediction 【J】. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93: 3787—3794.
Gomberg J, Beeler N M, Blampied L M, et al. 1998. Earthquake triggering by transient and static deformations 【J】. J Geophys Res, 13: 24347—24358.
Gomberg J, Blampied L M, Beeler N M. 1997. Transient triggering of near and distant earthquakes 【J】. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 87: 294—309.
Gross S, Bürgmann R. 1998. Rate and state of background stress estimated from the aftershocks of the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake 【J】. J Geophys Res, 103: 4915—4927.
Gross S, Kisslinger C. 1997. Estimating tectonic stress rate and state with Landers aftershocks 【J】. J Geophys Res, 12: 7603—7612.
Harris R A. 1998. Introduction to special section: Stress triggers, stress shadows, and implications for seismic hazard 【J】. J Geophys Res, 13: 24347—24358.
Harris R A, Day S M. 1993. Dynamics of fault interaction: Parallel strike-slip fault 【J】. J Geophys Res, 98: 4461—4472.
Harris R A, Simpson R. 1998. Suppression of large earthquakes by stress shadows: A comparison of Coulomb and rate-and-state failure 【J】. J Geophys Res, 13: 24439—24451.
Hill D P, Pollitz F, Newhall C. 2002. Earthquake-volcano interactions 【J】. Phys Today, 55: 41—47.
Jones L M, Han W, Hauksson E, et al. 1984. Focal mechanisms and aftershock locations of the Songpan earthquakes of August 1976 in Sichuan Province 【J】. J Geophys Res, 89: 7697.
Kanamori H, Brodsky E E. 2004. The physics of earthquakes 【J】. Rep Prog Phys, 67: 1429—1496.
King G, Klinger Y, Bowman D, et al. 2005. Slip partitioned surface breaks for the M_W7.8 2001 Kokoxili earthquake, China 【J】. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 95: 731—738.
King G C P, Stein R S, Lin J. 1994. Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes 【J】. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 84: 935—953.
Klinger Y, Xu X, Tapponnier P, et al. 2005. High-resolution satellite imagery mapping of the surface rupture and slip distribution of the M_W7.8, November 14, 2001 Kokoxili earthquake(Kunlun Fault, Northern Tibet, China)【J】. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 95(5): 1970—1987.
Marone C. 1998. Laboratory-derived friction laws and their application to seismic faulting 【J】. Annual Rev Earth Planet Sci, 26: 643—696.
Miyatake T. 1992. Numerical simulation of three-dimensional faulting processes with heterogeneous rate- and state-dependent friction 【J】. Tectonophysics, 211: 223—232.
Mikumo T, Miyatake T. 1995. Heterogeneous distribution of dynamic stress drop and relative fault strength recover from the results of waveform inversion: The 1984 Morgan Hill, California, earthquake 【J】. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 85: 178—193.
Parsons T, Ji C, Kirby E. 2008. Stress changes from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and increased hazard in the Sichuan Basin 【J】. Nature, 454: 509—510.
Quin H. 1990. Dynamic stress drop and rupture dynamics of the October, 15, 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake 【J】. Tectonophysics, 175: 93—118.
Reasemberg P A, Simpson R W. 1992. Response of regional seismicity to the static stress change produced by the Loma Prieta earthquake 【J】. Science, 255: 1687—1690.
Rybicki K. 1973. Analysis of aftershocks on the bases of dislocation theory 【J】. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 7: 409—422.
Shen Z K, Sun J B, Zhang P Z, et al. 2009. Slip maxima at fault junctions and rupturing of barriers during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake 【J】. Nature, 2: 718—724.
Simpson R W, Reasemberg P A. 1994. Earthquake-induced static stress changes on central California faults 【J】. US Geol Surv Prof Pap, 1550-F, F55—F89.
Spudich P, Steck L K, Hellweg M, et al. 1995. Transient stresses at Parkfield, California, produced by the M7.4 Landers earthquake of June 28, 1992: Observations from UPSAR dense seismograph array 【J】. J Geophys Res, 100: 675—690.
Stein R S, King G C P, Lin J. 1992. Change in failure stress on the southern San Andreas Fault system caused by the 1992 magnitude=7.4 Landers earthquake 【J】. Science, 258: 1328—1332.
Stein R S, King G C P, Lin J. 1994. Stress triggering of the 1994 M=6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake by its predecessors 【J】. Science, 265: 1432—1435.
Toda S, Jian L, Mustapha M, et al. 2008. 12 May 2008 M=7.9 Wenchuan, China, earthquake calculated to increase failure stress and seismicity rate on three major fault systems 【J】. Geophys Res Lett, 35: L17305.
Toda S, Stein R S, Reasenberg P A, et al. 1998. Stress transferred by the 1995 M_W=6.9 Kobe, Japan, shock: Effect on aftershocks and future earthquakes probabilities 【J】. J Geophys Res, 13: 24543—24565.

[1]	SONG Dong-mei, WANG Hui, SHAN Xin-jian, WANG Bin, CUI Jian-yong. A NOVEL EXTRACTION METHOD OF PRE-EARTHQUAKE GRACE GRAVITY ANOMALY INFORMATION BASED ON MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1539-1556.
[2]	CHEN Li-juan, CHEN Xue-zhong, LI Yan-e, GONG Li-wen. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DECREASING AMPLITUDE OF b-VALUE AND THE SEISMOGENIC ZONE OF THE WENCHUAN M_S8.0 EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(4): 1046-1058.
[3]	LI Meng-yuan, JIANG Hai-kun, SONG Jin, WANG Jin-hong. SEISMICITY TRIGGERED BY SEASONAL RAINFALL: A CASE STUDY IN BOMI, TIBET [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(3): 625-648.
[4]	WANG Xiao-shan, WAN Yong-ge. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CRUSTAL STRESS FIELD AND ITS DIRECTION CONVERGENCE BEFORE THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(2): 363-377.
[5]	GUO Shu-song, ZHU Yi-qing, XU Yun-ma, LIU Fang, ZHAO Yun-feng, ZHANG Guo-qing, ZHU Hui. GRAVITY EVIDENCE OF META-INSTABLE STATE BEFORE THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY, 2021, 43(6): 1368-1380.
[6]	LAN Jian, CHEN Xiao-li. EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY 2008 M_S8.0 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE IN YINGXIU AREA [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2020, 42(1): 125-146.
[7]	ZHU Chuan-hua, SHAN Xin-jian, ZHANG Guo-hong, JIAO Zhong-hu, ZHANG Ying-feng, LI Yan-chuan, QIAO Xin. TWO DIMENSIONAL MODEL ON RELATION BETWEEN THERMAL ANOMALY BEFORE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE AND TECTONIC STRESS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(6): 1497-1510.
[8]	SONG Dong-mei, XIANG Liang, SHAN Xin-jian, YIN Jing-yuan, WANG Bin, CUI Jian-yong. THE METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING IONOSPHERIC TEC BACKGROUND FIELD BASED ON SVR MODEL [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(6): 1511-1528.
[9]	MA Si-yuan, XU Chong, WANG Tao, LIU Jia-mei. APPLICATION OF TWO SIMPLIFIED NEWMARK MODELS TO THE ASSESSMENT OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(3): 774-788.
[10]	XU Zhi-ping, WANG Fu-yun, JIANG Lei, ZHAO Yan-na, YANG Li-pu, TANG Lin. THE THREE DIMENSIONAL DENSITY STRUCTURE OF CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE IN THE CENTRAL-SOUTHERN PART OF LONGMENSHAN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(1): 84-98.
[11]	ZHANG Zhi-he, GUO Yan-shuang, CHEN Shun-yun. A SYSTEM OF CAPACITIVE HIGH-VOLTAGE PULSE RECHARGE/DISCHARGE AND ITS IMPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTALLY TRIGGERED EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(6): 1417-1426.
[12]	YIN De-yu, LIU Qi-fang, LIU Chang, JI Xin-yang. ESTIMATING THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE PROCESS USING NEAR FIELD STRONG MOTION RECORDS AND COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(3): 698-717.
[13]	LIAO Li, LI Ping-en, YANG Jian-si, LIU Pan, FENG Jian-zhou. DISCUSSING THE INFLUENCE OF MAJOR EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE IN THE LONGMENSHAN AREA ON THE LUSHAN EARTHQUAKE FROM STRESS EVOLUTION [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(2): 450-464.
[14]	ZHAO You-jia, ZHANG Guo-hong, ZHANG Ying-feng, SHAN Xin-jian, QU Chun-yan. TWO-DIMENSIONAL WHOLE CYCLE SIMULATION OF SPONTANE-OUS RUPTURE OF THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE USING THE CONTINUOUS-DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(1): 12-26.
[15]	LIU Yuan-zheng, MA Jin, MA Wen-tao, JIANG Tong. INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE HEAD CHANGE AND ITS CHANGE RATE ON RESERVOIR TRIGGERED SEISMICITY -A CASE STUDY OF ZIPINGPU RESERVOIR [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2017, 39(3): 437-450.