EXPLORING THE CURRENT TECTONIC ACTIVITY WITH SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING THERMAL INFORMATION：A CASE OF THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.03.018

Abstract

Abstract:

The objective of this paper is to explore the current tectonic activity with satellite remote sensing thermal information by taking a case of the Wenchuan earthquake. Three items are accomplished as follows: 1)the process of evaluation of thermal field before and after Wenchuan earthquake is analyzed. The results indicate that there exist plenty of thermal information associated with the distribution of tectonics in the in-situ land surface temperature field, which is extracted from land surface temperature in which the effects of non-tectonic factors, such as topography, atmosphere and solar radiation are gotten rid of. 2)Combining with measurement of the shallow atmosphere temperature, the quantitative relationship between increment of land surface temperature and crustal stress-strain is preliminarily investigated. Results indicate that the increment generated by the crustal stress may obviously affect the shallow atmosphere temperature. Especially, the temperature-lowering zone has more reliability. There exist some temperature lowering zones along the boundaries of large geological blocks before and after Wenchuan earthquake, which reflects the relatively extensional movement (or stress relaxation) among these corresponding blocks. 3)Based on the co-seismic deformation, the comparative analysis is done between co-seismic deformation and thermal information. Results indicate that the tectonically adjusted area obtained from temperature field is largely accordant with that of co-seismic deformation. This shows that the variation of temperature along the boundaries of large geological blocks within the Tibet Plateau reflects the process of the adjustment of crustal deformation of the Tibet Plateau before and after Wenchuan earthquake. In summary, it is a possible approach to obtain the change of state of crustal stress by using the thermal method.

Key words: satellite remote sensing, current tectonic activity, land surface temperature, Wenchuan earthquake, physical mechanism

摘要：

以汶川地震为例，探索卫星遥感获取的地表温度场中可能存在的构造活动信息。主要开展了3方面工作：1）分析了汶川地震前后的热场演化过程。结果表明，通过数据处理，将地表温度中的地形、大气和稳定年周期太阳辐射等非构造因素的影响去除后，获得的原地温度场中，存在丰富的、与构造展布密切相关的热信息。2）结合浅层气温的实际观测资料，初步尝试建立地表温度与地壳应力应变之间的定量关系。结果表明，地壳应力引起的温度变化，可对近地表大气温度产生比较明显的影响。特别是地表温度场中的低温区具有较高的可信度。汶川地震前后，降温区主要沿着大型活动地块的边界展布，反映出这些块体边界之间的相对拉张（或松弛）运动关系。3）以同震变形响应资料为基础，开展了变形与热信息的对比分析。结果表明，温度场获得的结果与同震变形观测结果高度吻合。这说明青藏高原内部地块边界的温度变化，可能正是地震前后青藏高原内部变形调整过程的真实反映。总之，可以通过“热”的方式来获取地壳应力状态的变化信息。

关键词: 卫星遥感, 现今构造活动, 地表温度, 汶川地震, 物理机理

CLC Number:

P315.72

CHEN Shun-yun, MA Jin, LIU Pei-xun, LIU Li-qiang, HU Xiao-yan, REN Ya-qiong. EXPLORING THE CURRENT TECTONIC ACTIVITY WITH SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING THERMAL INFORMATION：A CASE OF THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(3): 775-793.

陈顺云, 马瑾, 刘培洵, 刘力强, 扈小燕, 任雅琼. 利用卫星遥感热场信息探索现今构造活动：以汶川地震为例[J]. 地震地质, 2014, 36(3): 775-793.

References

陈梅花, 邓志辉, 贾庆华. 2003. 地震前卫星红外异常与发震断裂的关系研究: 以2001 年昆仑山8.1 级地震为例
[J]. 地震地质, 25(1): 100-108.
CHEN Mei-hua, DENG Zhi-hui, JIA Qing-hua. 2003. The relationship between the satellite infrared anomalies before earthquake and the seismogenic fault: A case study on the 2001 Kunlun earthquake
[J]. Seismology and Geology, 25(1): 100-108(in Chinese).
陈顺云, 刘力强, 刘培洵, 等. 2009. 应力应变与温度响应关系的理论与实验研究
[J]. 中国科学(D 辑), 39(10): 1446-1455.
CHEN Shun-yun, LIU Li-qiang, LIU Pei-xun, et al. 2009. Theoretical and experimental study on relationship between stress-strain and temperature variation
[J]. Sci China(Ser D), 52(11): 1825-1834.
陈顺云, 刘培洵, 刘力强, 等. 2006. 地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义
[J]. 地球物理学报, 49(3): 824-830.
CHEN Shun-yun, LIU Pei-xun, LIU Li-qiang, et al. 2006. Wavelet analyses to thermal infrared radiation of land surface and its implementation for exploring the current tectonic activity
[J]. Chinese J Geophys, 49(3): 716-722.
陈顺云, 刘培洵, 刘力强, 等. 2011. 遥感与实测地表温度的对比分析及在地震研究中的意义
[J]. 地球物理学报, 54(3): 747-755.
CHEN Shun-yun, LIU Pei-xun, LIU Li-qiang, et al. 2011. Comparative analysis between land surface temperatures obtained by field measurement and satellite remote sensing and its implication in earthquake research
[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 54(2): 189-196.
陈顺云, 马瑾, 刘培洵, 等. 2009. 中国大陆地表温度年变基准场研究
[J]. 地球物理学报, 52(9): 2273-2281.
CHEN Shun-yun, MA Jin, LIU Pei-xun, et al. 2009. A study on the normal annual variation field of land surface temperature in China
[J]. Chinese J Geophys, 52(5): 962-971.
陈顺云, 马瑾, 刘培洵, 等. 2004. 中国地表亮度温度年变基准场
[J]. 地震地质, 26(3): 528-538.
CHEN Shun-yun, MA Jin, LIU Pei-xun, et al. 2004. Normal annual variation field of land surface brightness temperature in China
[J]. Seismology and Geology, 26(3): 528-538(in Chinese).
陈顺云, 马瑾, 刘培洵, 等. 2012. 利用卫星遥感获取现今构造活动信息的热物理指标研究
[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 42(2): 211-216.
CHEN Shun-yun, MA Jin, LIU Pei-xun, et al. 2012. A thermal physical index to explore current tectonic activity with satellite remote sensing
[J]. Sci China(Ser D), 55(2): 290-295.
陈顺云, 马瑾, 刘培洵, 等. 2013. 利用 Terra 和 Aqua 卫星地表温度探索汶川地震同震热响应
[J]. 地球物理学报, 56(11): 3788-3799.
CHEN Shun-yun, MA Jin, LIU Pei-xun, et al. 2013. Exploring co-seismic thermal response of Wenchuan earthquake by using land surface temperatures of Terra and Aqua satellites
[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 56(11): 3788-3799(in Chinese).
邓起东, 张培震, 冉勇康, 等. 2002. 中国活动构造基本特征
[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 32(12): 1020-1030.
DENG Qi-dong, ZHANG Pei-zhen, RAN Yong-kang, et al. 2003. Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China
[J]. Science in China(Ser D), 46(4): 356-372.
郭啟良, 王成虎, 马洪生, 等. 2009. 汶川 M_S 8. 0 级大震前后的水压致裂原地应力测量
[J]. 地球物理学报, 52(5): 1395-1401.
GUO Qi-liang, WANG Cheng-hu, MA Hong-sheng, et al. 2009. In-situ hydro-fracture stress measurement before and after the Wenchuan M_S 8.0 earthquake of China
[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 52(5): 1395-1401(in Chinese).
郭卫英, 单新建, 马瑾. 2004. 对2001 年昆仑山8.1 级地震前断层带红外增温异常的讨论
[J]. 地震地质, 26(3): 548-556.
GUO Wei-ying, SHAN Xin-jian, MA Jin. 2004. Discussion on the anomalous increase of ground temperature along the seismogenic fault before the Kunlunshan M_S 8. 1 earthquake in 2001
[J]. Seismology and Geology, 26(3): 548-556(in Chinese).
刘培洵, 刘力强, 陈顺云, 等. 2004. 地表岩石变形引起热红外辐射的实验研究
[J]. 地震地质, 26(3): 502-511.
LIU Pei-xun, LIU Li-qiang, CHEN Shun-yun, et al. 2004. An experiment on the infrared radiation of surficial rocks during deformation
[J]. Seismology and Geology, 26(3): 502-511(in Chinese).
刘培洵, 马瑾, 刘力强, 等. 2007. 压性雁列构造变形过程中热场演化的实验研究
[J]. 自然科学进展, 17(4): 454-459.
LIU Pei-xun, MA Jin, LIU Li-qiang, et al. 2007. An experimental study on variation of thermal fields during the deformation of a compressive en echelon fault set
[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 17(3): 298-304.
马瑾, 陈顺云, 扈小燕, 等. 2010. 大陆地表温度场的时空变化与现今构造活动
[J]. 地学前缘(4): 1-14.
MA Jin, CHEN Shun-yun, HU Xiao-yan, et al. 2010. Spatial-temporal variation of the land surface temperature field and present-day tectonic activity
[J]. Geoscience Frontiers, 1(1): 57-67.
马瑾, 单新建. 2000. 利用遥感技术研究断层现今活动的探索: 以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例
[J]. 地震地质, 22(3): 210-215.
MA Jin, SHAN Xing-jian. 2000. An attempt to study activity of fault using remote sensing technology: A case of the Mani earthquake
[J]. Seismology and Geology, 22(3): 210-218(in Chinese).
马瑾, 刘力强, 刘培洵, 等. 2007. 断层失稳错动热场前兆模式: 雁列断层的实验研究
[J]. 地球物理学报, 50(4): 1141-1149.
MA Jin, LIU Li-qiang, LIU Pei-xun, et al. 2007. Thermal precursory pattern of fault unstable sliding: An experimental study of en echelon faults
[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 50(4): 995-1004.
马瑾, 汪一鹏, 陈顺云, 等. 2005. 卫星热红外信息与断层活动关系讨论
[J]. 自然科学进展, 15(12): 1467-1475.
MA Jin, WANG Yi-peng, CHEN Shun-yun, et al. 2006. Insights into correlation between satellite infrared information and fault activities
[J]. Progress in Natural Science, 16(4): 59-68.
强祖基, 孔令昌, 王弋平, 等. 1992. 地球放气, 热红外异常与地震活动
[J]. 科学通报, 37(24): 2259-2262.
QIANG Zu-ji, KONG Ling-chang, WANG Yi-ping, et al. 1992. Earth gas emission, infrared thermo-anomaly and seismicity
[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 37(24): 2259-2262(in Chinese).
强祖基, 赁常恭, 李玲芝, 等. 1998. 卫星热红外图像亮温异常: 短临震兆
[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 28(6): 564-573.
QIANG Zu-ji, DIAN Chang-gong, LI Ling-zhi, et al. 1998. Satellite infrared brightness temperature anomaly-Earthquake imminent precursor
[J]. Science in China(Ser D), 28(6): 564-573(in Chinese).
强祖基, 徐秀登, 赁常恭. 1990. 热红外异常: 临震前兆
[J]. 科学通报, 35(17): 1324-1327.
QIANG Zu-ji, XU Xiu-deng, DIAN Chang-gong. 1990. Satellite infrared thermo-anomaly: Earthquake imminent precursor
[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 35(17): 1324-1327(in Chinese).
谢锐生. 1980. 热力学原理
[M]. 北京: 人民教育出版社.
XIE Rui-sheng, 1980. Mechanics of Thermodynamics
[M]. The Peoples Education Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
徐秀登, 强祖基, 赁常恭. 1991. 临震卫星热红外异常与地面增温异常
[J]. 科学通报, 36(4): 291-294.
XU Xiu-deng, QIANG Zu-ji, DIAN Chang-gong. 1991. Earthquake imminent infrared thermo-anomaly and temperature increase on earth surface
[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 36(4): 291-294(in Chinese).
杨少敏, 兰启贵, 聂兆生, 等. 2012. 用多种数据构建 2008 年汶川特大地震同震位移场
[J]. 地球物理学报, 55(8): 2575-2588.
YANG Shao-min, LAN Qi-gui, NIE Zhao-sheng, et al. 2012. Coseismic displacement caused by the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake derived from various types of geodetic data
[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 55(8): 2575-2588.
张元生, 郭晓, 魏从信, 等. 2011. 日本 9 级和缅甸 7.2 级地震热辐射表现特征
[J]. 地球物理学报, 54(10): 2575-2580.
ZHANG Yuan-sheng, GUO Xiao, WEI Cong-xin, et al. 2011. The characteristics of seismic thermal radiation of Japan M_S9.0 and Myanmar M_S 7.2 earthquake
[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 54(10): 2575-2580.
张元生, 郭晓, 钟美娇, 等. 2010. 汶川地震卫星热红外亮温变化
[J]. 科学通报, 55(10): 904-910.
ZHANG Yuan-sheng, GUO Xiao, ZHONG Mei-jiao, et al. 2010. Whenchuan earthquake: Brightness temperature changes from satellite infrared information
[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55(18): 1917-1924.
钟美娇, 张元生. 2007. 2005 年 10 月 8 日巴基斯坦 7.8 级地震热红外异常
[J]. 西北地震学报, 29(2): 137-140.
ZHONG Mei-jiao, ZHANG Yuan-sheng. 2007. Thermal infrared anomaly before Pakistan earthquake(M_S=7.8)on October 8, 2005
[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 29(2): 137-140(in Chinese).
Blackett M, Wooster M J, Malamud B D. 2011. Exploring land surface temperature earthquake precursors: A focus on the Gujarat(India)earthquake of 2001
[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(15).
Genzano N, Aliano C, Filizzola C, et al. 2007. A robust satellite technique for monitoring seismically active areas: The case of Bhuj-Gujarat earthquake
[J]. Tectonophysics, 431(1): 197-210.
Gornyy V I, Salman A G, Tronin A A, et al. 1988. Outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation as an indicator of seismic activity
[J]. Dokl Akad Nauk USSR, 301: 67-69(in Russian).
Norman J M, Becker F. 1995. Terminology in thermal infrared remote sensing of natural surfaces
[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 77(3): 153-166.
Ouzounov D, Freund F. 2004. Mid-infrared emission prior to strong earthquakes analyzed by remote sensing data
[J]. Advances in Space Research, 33(3): 268-273.
Reid H F. 1910. The mechanism of the earthquake
[A]. In: The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906, Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission, Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution. 1-192.
Tramutoli V, Cuomo V, Filizzola C, et al. 2005. Assessing the potential of thermal infrared satellite surveys for monitoring seismically active areas: The case of Kocaeli(Izmit)earthquake, August 17, 1999
[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 96(3): 409-426.
Tramutoli V, Di Bello G, Pergola N, et al. 2001. Robust satellite techniques for remote sensing of seismically active areas
[J]. Annali Di Geofisica, 44: 295-312.
Tronin A A. 2010. Satellite remote sensing in seismology: A review
[J]. Remote Sensing, 2(1): 124-150.
Wan Z. 2008. New refinements and validation of the MODIS land-surface temperature/emissivity products
[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(1): 59-74.
Wan Z, Li Z L. 1997. A physics-based algorithm for retrieving land-surface emissivity and temperature from EOS/MODIS data
[J]. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 35(4): 980-996.
Wan Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, et al. 2002. Validation of the land-surface temperature products retrieved from Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data
[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 83(1): 163-180.

[1]	SONG Dong-mei, WANG Hui, SHAN Xin-jian, WANG Bin, CUI Jian-yong. A NOVEL EXTRACTION METHOD OF PRE-EARTHQUAKE GRACE GRAVITY ANOMALY INFORMATION BASED ON MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1539-1556.
[2]	CHEN Li-juan, CHEN Xue-zhong, LI Yan-e, GONG Li-wen. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DECREASING AMPLITUDE OF b-VALUE AND THE SEISMOGENIC ZONE OF THE WENCHUAN M_S8.0 EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(4): 1046-1058.
[3]	WANG Xiao-shan, WAN Yong-ge. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CRUSTAL STRESS FIELD AND ITS DIRECTION CONVERGENCE BEFORE THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(2): 363-377.
[4]	GUO Shu-song, ZHU Yi-qing, XU Yun-ma, LIU Fang, ZHAO Yun-feng, ZHANG Guo-qing, ZHU Hui. GRAVITY EVIDENCE OF META-INSTABLE STATE BEFORE THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY, 2021, 43(6): 1368-1380.
[5]	LAN Jian, CHEN Xiao-li. EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY 2008 M_S8.0 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE IN YINGXIU AREA [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2020, 42(1): 125-146.
[6]	ZHU Chuan-hua, SHAN Xin-jian, ZHANG Guo-hong, JIAO Zhong-hu, ZHANG Ying-feng, LI Yan-chuan, QIAO Xin. TWO DIMENSIONAL MODEL ON RELATION BETWEEN THERMAL ANOMALY BEFORE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE AND TECTONIC STRESS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(6): 1497-1510.
[7]	SONG Dong-mei, XIANG Liang, SHAN Xin-jian, YIN Jing-yuan, WANG Bin, CUI Jian-yong. THE METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING IONOSPHERIC TEC BACKGROUND FIELD BASED ON SVR MODEL [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(6): 1511-1528.
[8]	MA Si-yuan, XU Chong, WANG Tao, LIU Jia-mei. APPLICATION OF TWO SIMPLIFIED NEWMARK MODELS TO THE ASSESSMENT OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(3): 774-788.
[9]	XU Zhi-ping, WANG Fu-yun, JIANG Lei, ZHAO Yan-na, YANG Li-pu, TANG Lin. THE THREE DIMENSIONAL DENSITY STRUCTURE OF CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE IN THE CENTRAL-SOUTHERN PART OF LONGMENSHAN [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2019, 41(1): 84-98.
[10]	YIN De-yu, LIU Qi-fang, LIU Chang, JI Xin-yang. ESTIMATING THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE PROCESS USING NEAR FIELD STRONG MOTION RECORDS AND COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(3): 698-717.
[11]	ZHAO You-jia, ZHANG Guo-hong, ZHANG Ying-feng, SHAN Xin-jian, QU Chun-yan. TWO-DIMENSIONAL WHOLE CYCLE SIMULATION OF SPONTANE-OUS RUPTURE OF THE 2008 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE USING THE CONTINUOUS-DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(1): 12-26.
[12]	LIU Yuan-zheng, MA Jin, MA Wen-tao, JIANG Tong. INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE HEAD CHANGE AND ITS CHANGE RATE ON RESERVOIR TRIGGERED SEISMICITY -A CASE STUDY OF ZIPINGPU RESERVOIR [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2017, 39(3): 437-450.
[13]	YAO Lu, MA Sheng-li, WANG Yu, HE Hong-lin, CHEN Jian-ye, YANG Xiao-song, SHIMAMOTO Toshihiko. THE VITRINITE REFLECTANCE OF FAULT ROCKS FROM THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE FAULT ZONE: CONSTRAINTS ON FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE FAULT DURING THE EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(4): 817-829.
[14]	WEI Ben-yong, SU Gui-wu. ASSESSMENT ON INDIRECT ECONOMIC LOSS OF WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER BASED ON INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(4): 1082-1094.
[15]	SONG Dong-mei, ZANG Lin, SHAN Xin-jian, YUAN Yuan, CUI Jian-yong, SHAO Hong-mei, SHEN Chen, SHI Hong-tao. A STUDY ON THE ALGORITHM FOR EXTRACTING EARTHQUAKE THERMAL INFRARED ANOMALIES BASED ON THE YEARLY TREND OF LST [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(3): 680-695.