CENOZOIC TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF CONTINENTAL EASTERN ASIA

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.03.003

Abstract

Abstract:

Interactions of two global-scale geodynamic systems control Cenozoic tectonic evolution of continental eastern Asia: the collisional and convergent system between Indian and Eurasian plates, the subduction and back-arc extensional system along the western Pacific and Indonesian oceanic margins. The warm and broad Tethys Ocean separates the Indian plate in the south from the Eurasian plate in the north, while the former subducts beneath the latter. In the meanwhile, the Pacific plate continuously subducts westward beneath the Eurasian plate. As the rate of subduction decreases with the time, back-arc extensional basins began to form due to trench rollback along the subduction zone. Though it is still under debate on the timing of initiation of collision between India and Eurasia, the main stage or significant collision probably took place between 55 and 45Ma. The collision and subsequent penetration of India into Eurasia cause retreat of the Tethys Ocean, crustal thickening of the southern and central Tibet, uplifting of Proto-Tibetan plateau, and southeastward extrusion of crustal material of Tibetan plateau. The timing and direction of extrusion of Tibet's crustal material coincide with acceleration of trench rollback of back-arc extensional system along the western Pacific and Indonesian oceanic margins. The collision caused shortening and trench rollback induced extension appear to form a causal "source-sink relationship". In the period of 30 to 20Ma, the northeastward convergence of the Tibetan plateau increased as the southeastward extrusion slowed down that in turn caused northeastward and eastward growth of the plateau. The Main Boundary Thrust became southern collisional boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates. The northern deformational boundary migrated to the Kunlun Fault zone, forming compressional foreland basins such as the Qaidam, Hexi Corridor, and Longxi Basins. The rapid trench rollback has decreased along the subduction and back-arc extensional system along the western Pacific and Indonesian oceanic margins. As a result, the Japan Sea has ceased extension and the North China Plain Basin has changed from rifting to thermal subsidence. The east-west direction extension initiates in the interior of Tibetan plateau since approximate 10Ma ago, forming a series of north-trending grabens and half-grabens in the high altitudes above 5 000m. In the same time, the Tibetan plateau grows outward so that the Qilian Shan uplifted to form a major mountain range along the northern boundary and the Longmen Shan uplifted again to form an about 4000 relief with respect to Sichuan Basin. Along the eastern coast of Eastern Asia, subduction of Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian plate has accelerated to terminate back-arc extension.

Key words: trench rollback, source-sink relationship, outward growth of the Tibetan plateau, back-arc extension, continental eastern Asia

摘要：

东亚大陆的新生代构造演化受两大地球动力系统所控制：印度-欧亚板块的碰撞及陆内汇聚体系、西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块俯冲消减体系。从晚白垩纪到古新世期间，温暖宽阔的新特提斯洋分割着欧亚大陆和印度次大陆，并且向北俯冲消减于欧亚板块之下。与此同时，太平洋板块继续向西俯冲消减于欧亚板块之下，随着俯冲速率的大幅度降低，俯冲边界发生海沟后撤（trench rollback），使得欧亚大陆东边界开始形成一系列NNE走向的弧后拉张盆地。尽管印度与欧亚大陆碰撞的起始时间仍有争议，但至少强烈碰撞发生在距今45～55Ma期间。陆-陆碰撞及印度板块持续的楔入作用导致了新特提斯海的退出，青藏高原南部和中部的地壳增厚，并隆起形成 “原青藏高原”。碰撞及其强烈的楔入作用还导致了青藏高原南部岩石圈块体向SE方向的大规模挤出。青藏高原南部块体的挤出时间与西太平洋-印度尼西亚海洋俯冲消减带的加速后撤是一致的，表现为沿消减带上盘弧后盆地的快速拉张和裂陷，构成具有成因联系的 “源-汇关系”。距今20～30Ma期间，随着青藏高原大规模南东挤出的减弱，碰撞和楔入引起了向NE方向挤压的增强，导致了青藏高原本身向S和向NE方向的扩展。构造变形向南迁移到主边界逆冲推覆带，向北扩展到昆仑山断裂，造成柴达木盆地、河西走廊、陇西盆地开始接受最初的新生代沉积，形成青藏高原东北缘的大规模晚新生代沉积盆地群。西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块的海沟后撤大幅度减速或停止，直接导致了日本海扩张的停止，华北盆地裂陷期终止，进入整体热下沉阶段。大约距今10Ma以来，青藏高原内部的高海拔地区晚中新世以来开始出现近SN向的拉张，形成一系列SN向裂谷以及NW向右旋和NE向左旋的共轭走滑断裂系。与此同时，青藏高原向周边生长扩展，祁连山快速隆起形成高原北边界，龙门山也第2次加速隆升，与四川盆地形成近4 000m的地貌高差。在东部，沿西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块俯冲消减带的运动开始加速，不仅弧后拉张作用停止，一些早新生代的拉张盆地还发生反转而遭受到挤压缩短作用。

关键词: 海沟后撤, 源-汇关系, 青藏高原向外扩展, 弧后拉张, 东亚大陆

CLC Number:

P315.2

ZHANG Pei-zhen, ZHANG Hui-ping, ZHENG Wen-jun, ZHENG De-wen, WANG Wei-tao, ZHANG Zhu-qi. CENOZOIC TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF CONTINENTAL EASTERN ASIA[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(3): 574-585.

张培震, 张会平, 郑文俊, 郑德文, 王伟涛, 张竹琪. 东亚大陆新生代构造演化[J]. 地震地质, 2014, 36(3): 574-585.

References

邓起东, 张培震, 冉勇康, 等. 2002. 中国大陆活动构造基本特征
[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 32(12): 1020-1030.
DENG Qi-dong, ZHANG Pei-zhen, RAN Yong-kang, et al. 2002. The basic characteristics of active tectonics of China
[J]. Science in China(Ser D), 32(12): 1020-1030(in Chinese).
李吉均, 文世宣, 张青松, 等. 1979. 青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式的探讨
[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 6: 608-616.
LI Ji-jun, WEN Shi-xuan, ZHANG Qing-song, et al. 1979. Discussions on style, timing and magnitude of uplifting of the Tibetan plateau
[J]. Science in China(Ser D), 6: 608-616(in Chinese).
漆家福, 邓荣敬, 周心怀, 等. 2008. 渤海海域新生代盆地中的郯庐断裂带构造
[J]. 中国科学(D 辑), 38(增刊Ⅰ): 19-29.
QI Jia-fu, DENG Rong-jing, ZHOU Xin-huai, et al. 2008. Structures of the Tanglu Fault zone in Cenozoic Basin of the Bohai Bay
[J]. Science in China(Ser D), 38(Suppl I): 19-29(in Chinese).
宋春晖, 方小敏, 李吉均, 等. 2001 青藏高原北缘酒西盆地13Ma 以来沉积演化与高原隆升
[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 31(增刊): 155-162.
SONG Chun-hui, FANG Xiao-min, LI Ji-jun, et al. 2001. Sedimentations in Jiuxi Basin of northern Tibetan plateau since 13Ma and its implications for uplifting of the plateau
[J]. Science in China(Ser D), 31(suppl): 155-162(in Chinese).
孙珍, 钟志洪, 周蒂, 等. 2006. 南海的发育机制研究: 相似模拟证据
[J]. 中国科学(D 辑), 43: 1607-1620.
SUN Zhen, ZHONG Zhi-hong, ZHOU Di, et al. 2006. Researches on mechanism of the formation of South China Sea
[J]. Science in China(Ser D), 43: 1607-1620(in Chinese).
汤良杰, 万桂梅, 周兴怀, 等. 2008. 渤海盆地新生代构造演化特征
[J]. 高校地质学报, 14: 191-198.
TANG Liang-jie, WAN Gui-mei, ZHOU Xin-huai, et al. 2008. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Bohai Bay Basin
[J]. Geological Journal of China Universities, 14: 191-198(in Chinese).
袁道阳, 张培震, 刘百篪, 等. 2004. 青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换
[J]. 地质学报, 78(2): 270-278.
YUAN Dao-yang, ZHANG Pei-zhen, LIU Bai-chi, et al. 2004. Geometric pattern and structural transformation of Quaternary tectonics in northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau
[J]. Acta Geologca Sinica, 78(2): 270-278(in Chinese).
张功成, 谢晓军, 王万银, 等. 2013. 中国南海含油气盆地构造类型及勘探潜力
[J]. 石油学报, 34: 611-627.
ZHANG Gong-cheng, XIE Xiao-jun, WANG Wan-yin, et al. 2013. Tectonic types of petroliferous basins and its exploration potential in the South China Sea
[J]. Acta Petrolet Sinica, 34(4): 611-627(in Chinese).
张培震, 邓起东, 张国民, 等. 2003. 中国大陆强震活动与活动地块
[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 33(增刊): 12-20.
ZHANG Pei-zhen, DENG Qi-dong, ZHANG Guo-min, et al. 2003. Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China
[J]. Science in China(Ser D), 46: 13-24.
张培震, 邓起东, 张竹琪, 等. 2013. 中国大陆的活动断裂、地震灾害及其动力过程
[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 43: 1607-1620.
ZHANG Pei-zhen, DENG Qi-dong, ZHANG Zhu-qi, et al. 2013. Active faults, earthquake hazards and associated geodynamic processes in continental China
[J]. Scientia Sinica(Ser D), 43: 1607-1620(in Chinese).
郑德文, 张培震, 万景林, 等. 2006. 构造、气候与砾岩: 以积石山和临夏盆地为例
[J]. 第四纪研究, 26(1): 63-69.
ZHENG De-wen, ZHANG Pei-zhen, WAN Jing-lin, et al. 2006. Tectonic deformation, climate changes, and conglomerate formation: Examples from the Jishi Mountain and Linxia Basin
[J]. Quaternary Researches, 26(1): 63-69(in Chinese).
朱日祥, 陈凌, 吴福元, 等. 2011. 华北克拉通破坏的时间、范围与机制
[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 41: 583-592. doi: 10.1007/s11430-011-4203-4.
ZHU Ri-xiang, CHEN Ling, WU Fu-yuan, et al. 2011. Timing, scale and mechanism of the destruction of the North China Craton
[J]. Sci China(Ser D), 54: 789-797.
朱日祥, 徐义刚, 朱光, 等. 2012. 华北克拉通破坏
[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 42(8): 1135-1159. doi: 10.1007/s11430-012-4516-y.
ZHU Ri-xiang, XU Yi-gang, ZHU Guang, et al. 2012. Destruction of the North China Craton
[J]. Sci China(Ser D), 42(8): 1135-1159(in Chinese).
宗国洪, 肖焕钦, 李常宝, 等. 1999. 济阳凹陷构造演化及其大地构造意义
[J]. 高校地质学报, 5: 275-282.
ZONG Guo-hong, XIAO Huan-qin, LI Chang-bao, et al. 1999. Tectonic evolution of Jiyang sedimentary depression and its tectonic implications
[J]. Geological Journal of China Universities, 14(2): 191-198.
An Z S, Kutzbach J, Prell W, et al. 2001. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times
[J]. Nature, 411(6833): 62-66.
Armijo, Tapponnier P, Mercier J L, et al. 1986. Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observation and tectonic implications
[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91: 13803-13872.
Avouac J P. 2007. Dynamic processes in extensional and compressional settings-Mountain building: From earthquakes to geological deformation
[J]. Treatise on Geophysics, 6: 377-439.
Burchfiel B C, Chen Z. 2012. Tectonics of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent foreland
[J]. The Geological Society of America Memoir, 210: 1-231.
Copley A, Avouac J P, Royer J Y. 2010. India-Asia collision and the Cenozoic slowdown of the Indian plate: Implications for the forces driving plate motions
[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115: 14.
Clark M K, Farley K A, Zheng D W, et al. 2010. Early Cenozoic faulting of the northern Tibetan plateau margin from apatite(U-Th)/He ages
[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 296(1-2): 78-88.
Ding L, Xu Q, Yue Y, et al. 2014. The Andean-type Gangdese Mountains: Paleoelevation record from the Paleocene-Eocene Linzhou Basin
[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 392: 250-264.
Fang X-m, Garzione C, Van der Voo R, et al. 2003. Flexural subsidence by 29Ma on the NE edge of Tibet from the magnetostratigraphy of Linxia Basin, China
[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 210: 545-560.
Huang J L, Zhao D P. 2006. High-resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions
[J]. J Geophys Res, 111: B09305. doi: 10.1029/2005JB004066.
Lavé J, Avouac J P. 2000. Avouac, Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwalik Hills, Himalaya of central Nepal
[J]. J Geophys Res, 105: 5735-5770.
Lease R O, Burbank D W, Gehrels G E, et al. 2007. Signatures of mountain building: Detrital zircon U/Pb ages from northeastern Tibet
[J]. Geology, 35: 239-242. doi: 10.1130/G23057A.1.
Li Y, Wang C, Zhao X, et al. 2012. Cenozoic thrust system, basin evolution, and uplift of the Tanggula Range in the Tuotuohe region, central Tibet
[J]. Gondwana Res, 22(2): 482-492.
Lu H, Xiong S. 2009. Magnetostratigraphy of the Dahonggou section, northern Qaidam Basin and its bearing on Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Qilian Shan and Altyn Tagh Fault
[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 288: 539-550.
Liu J-h, Zhang P-z, Lease R O, et al. 2013. Eocene onset and late Miocene acceleration of Cenozoic intracontinental extension in the North Qinling Range-Weihe graben: Insights from apatite fission track thermochronology
[J]. Tectonophysics, 584: 281-296.
Molnar P, Tapponnier P. 1975. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a continental collision
[J]. Science, 189(4201): 419-426.
Molnar P, Lyoncaen H. 1989. Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan plateau and its margins
[J]. Geophys J Int, 99(1): 123-153.
Molnar P, England P, Martinod J. 1993. Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan plateau, and the Indian monsoon
[J]. Rev Geophys, 31: 357-396.
Molnar P. 2005. Mio-Pliocene growth of the Tibetan plateau and evolution of East Asian climate
[J]. Palaeontol Electron, 8(1): 8.1.2A.
Molnar P, Stock J M. 2009. Slowing of Indias convergence with Eurasia since 20Ma and its implications for Tibetan mantle dynamics
[J]. Tectonics, 28, TC3001. doi: 10.1029/2008TC002271.
Northrup C J, Royden L, Burchfiel B C. 1995. Motion of the Pacific plate relative to Eurasia and its potential relation to Cenozoic extension along the eastern margin of Eurasia
[J]. Geology, 1, 23: 719-722.
Qi J, Yang Q. 2010. Cenozoic structural deformation and dynamic processes of the Bohai Bay Basin province, China
[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 27: 757-771.
Rowley D B. 1996. Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data
[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 145: 1-13.
Rowley D B. 1998. Minimum age of initiation of collision between India and Asia north of Everest based on the subsidence history of the Zhepure Mountain section
[J]. J Geol, 106: 220-235.
Royden L H, Burchfiel B C, van der Hilst R D. 2008. The geological evolution of the Tibetan plateau
[J]. Science, 321: 1054-1058.
Schellart W P, Moresi L. 2013. A new driving mechanism for backarc extension and backarc shortening through slab sinking induced toroidal and poloidal mantle flow: Results from dynamic subduction models with an overriding plate
[J]. J Geophys Res Solid Earth, 118: 3221-3248. doi: 10.1002/jgrb.50173.
Tapponnier P, Xu Z Q, Roger F, et al. 2001. Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau
[J]. Science, 294: 1671-1677.
Uyeda S, Kanamori H. 1979. Back-arc opening and the mode of subduction
[J]. J Geophys Res, 84: 1049-1061.
Wang E, Kirby E, Furlong K P, et al. 2012. Two-phase growth of high topography in eastern Tibet during the Cenozoic
[J]. Nat Geosci, 5(9): 640-645.
Wang C, Zhao X, Liu Z, et al. 2008. Constraints on the early uplift history of the Tibetan plateau
[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105(13): 4987.
Wang C S, Dai J, Zhao X, et al. 2014. Outward-growth of the Tibetan plateau during the Cenozoic: A review
[J]. Tectonophysics, 621: 1-43.
Wang W-t, Kirby E, Zhang P-z, et al. 2013. Tertiary basin evolution along the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau: Evidence for basin formation during Oligocene transtension
[J]. Geol Soc Am Bull, 125: 377-400.
Wang W T, Zhang P Z, Kirby E, et al. 2011. A revised chronology for Tertiary sedimentation in the Sikouzi Basin: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the northeastern corner of the Tibetan plateau
[J]. Tectonophysics, 505: 100-114.
Yin A. 2012. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Asia: A preliminary synthesis
[J]. Tectonophysics, 488: 293-325.
Yuan D Y, et al. 2013. The growth of northeastern Tibet and its relevance to large-scale continental geodynamics: A review of recent studies
[J]. Tectonics, 32. doi: 10.1002/tect.20081.
Zheng D W, Zhang P Z, Wan J L, et al. 2006. Rapid exhumation at～8Ma on the Liupan Shan thrust fault from apatite fission-track thermochronology: Implications for growth of the northeastern Tibetan plateau margin
[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 248: 198-208.
Zheng D W, Clark M K, Zhang P Z, 2010. Erosion, fault initiation and topographic growth of the North Qilian Shan(northern Tibetan plateau)
[J]. Geosphere, 6: 937-941.
Zhang H P, Craddock W H, Lease R O, et al. 2012. Magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Chaka Basin and its implications for mountain building processes in the northeastern Tibetan plateau
[J]. Basin Res, 24: 31-50.

[1]	WANG Yi-ran, LI You-li, YAN Dong-dong, LÜ\|Sheng-hua, SI Su-pei. HOLOCENE PALEOSEISMOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE AND SOUTH SEGMENTS OF THE NORTH ZHONGTIAOSHAN FAULT ZONE, SHANXI [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2015, 37(1): 1-12.
[2]	YU Zhong-yuan, MIN Wei, WEI Qing-hai, ZHAO Bin, MA Yan-chun. THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND TECTONIC DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF INVERSION STRUCTURES IN NORTHERN SONGLIAO BASIN AND THEIR SEISMO- GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: A CASE FROM DA'AN-DEDU FAULT [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2015, 37(1): 13-32.
[3]	WU Chuan-yong, Alimujiang, DAI Xun-ye, WU Guo-dong, CHEN Jan-bo. DISCOVERY OF THE LATE-QUATERNARY ACTIVITY ALONG THE EASTERN SEGMENT OF MAIDAN FAULT IN SOUTHWEST TIANSHAN AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(4): 976-990.
[4]	REN Zhi-kun, ZHANG Zhu-qi, CHEN Tao, WANG Wei-tao. A NEW METHOD FOR DETERMINING SLIP RATES OF STRIKE-SLIP FAULT ASSOCIATED WITH LATERAL EROSION OF ACCUMULATED OFFSET [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(4): 1020-1028.
[5]	SONG Zhuo-qin, ZHANG Jun-long, LI Jian-jun. A CLUSTERING APPROACH FOR INCORPORATING SPATIAL DEPENDENCE INTO THE AUTOMATIC FLUVIAL TERRACE EXTRACTION FROM DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL: A CASE STUDY FROM THE ZHANGLA BASIN ALONG THE UPSTREAM OF THE MINJIANG RIVER [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(4): 1029-1042.
[6]	XU Wei, GAO Zhan-wu, YANG Yuan-yuan. LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY RESEARCH OF THE NORTHERN MARGINAL FAULT OF EMEI PLATFORM, SHANXI PROVINCE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(4): 1064-1076.
[7]	XU Xi-wei, CHENG Jia, XU Cong, LI Xi, YU Gui-hua, CHEN Gui-hua, TAN Xi-bin, WU Xi-yan. DISCUSSION ON BLOCK KINEMATIC MODEL AND FUTURE THEMED AREAS FOR EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCE IN THE TIBETAN PLATEAU: INSPIRATION FROM THE LUDIAN AND JINGGU EARTHQUAKES [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(4): 1116-1134.
[8]	ZHAO Jing, LIU Jie, NIU An-fu, YAN Wei. STUDY ON FAULT LOCKING CHARACTERISTIC AROUND THE DALIANGSHAN SUB-BLOCK [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(4): 1135-1144.
[9]	ZHAO Xu, LIU Jie, FENG Wei. THE KINEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE M_S6.5 LUDIAN YUNNAN EARTHQUAKE IN 2014 [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(4): 1157-1172.
[10]	CHENG Jia, LIU Jie, XU Xi-wei, GAN Wei-jun. TECTONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STRONG EARTHQUAKES IN DALIANGSHAN SUB-BLOCK AND IMPACT OF THE M_S6.5 LUDIAN EARTHQUAKE IN 2014 ON THE SURROUNDING FAULTS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(4): 1228-1243.
[11]	ZHANG Sheng-feng, WU Zhong-liang, FANG Li-hua. CAN THE DD-RELOCATED EARTHQUAKE CATALOGUE BE USED FOR THE STATISTICAL PARAMETERS OF AN EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE？—A CASE STUDY OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF B-VALUES FOR THE AFTERSHOCKS OF THE 2014 LUDIAN M_S6.5 EARTHQUAKE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(4): 1244-1259.
[12]	CHANG Zu-feng, ZHOU Rong-jun, AN Xiao-wen, CHEN Yu-jun, ZHOU Qing-yun, LI Jian-lin. LATE-QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF THE ZHAOTONG-LUDIAN FAULT ZONE AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(4): 1260-1279.
[13]	LI Xi, ZHANG Jian-guo, XIE Ying-qing, MIAO Qing-wen. LUDIAN M_S 6.5 EARTHQUAKE SURFACE DAMAGE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH STRUCTURE [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(4): 1280-1291.
[14]	DENG Qi-dong, ZHU Ai-lan, GAO Xiang. RE-EVALUATION OF SEISMOGENIC AND OCCURRENCE CONDITIONS OF LARGE EARTHQUAKES ON STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(3): 562-573.
[15]	WEN Xue-ze. STRUCTURES OF SOURCE REGIONS OF THE 1979 M_S 6.0 WUYUAN EARTHQUAKE AND THE 1996 M_S 6.4 BAOTOU EARTHQUAKE IN INNER MONGOLIA, CHINA [J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(3): 586-597.