川滇实验场地区活动地块边界新划分参考方案

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2024.05.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

活动地块边界带是现今地壳应力高度积累和构造变形显著集中的区域, 地震频发, 是研究中国大陆强震活动规律的重要对象。中国地震科学实验场所在的川滇地区位于印度大陆与欧亚板块碰撞和持续会聚引起的强烈变形区, 是中国大陆西部与周边板块动力传递的关键部位。根据前人划分活动地块边界带的方案和依据, 文中综合分析了地块的整体性、立体性、层次性和活动性, 将川滇地区的主要活动断裂带划分为3条一级活动地块边界带和16条次级活动块体边界带。通过川滇地区有记录以来的强震分布特征、地震数量和震级的分带分级性、 GNSS揭示的现今变形分区性、速度结构和重力资料反映的地壳深部构造差异性等结果, 新的参考方案将金沙江-红河断裂带、甘孜-玉树-鲜水河-安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带、龙门山断裂带归为一级活动地块边界带; 丽江-小金河断裂、南汀河断裂、龙日坝断裂等研究区内其他主要活动断裂归为次级活动块体边界带。基于对研究区强震活动、现今变形特征、活动断裂规模、地壳深部结构及古地震等研究成果的综合分析, 研究认为一级边界带具备发生M≥7.5大地震的潜力, 次级边界带有发生M≥6.5强震的能力。川滇地区活动地块边界新划分的参考方案, 可为后续川滇实验场区活动地块之间相互作用的力学数值模拟、强震概率预测分析及大地震危险性评估等提供科学依据。

关键词: 活动地块边界带, 地震活动性, 构造特征, 地震危险性, 川滇实验场

Abstract:

Active block boundaries represent areas where significant crustal stress accumulates, leading to concentrated tectonic deformation and frequent seismic activity. These boundaries are crucial for understanding the patterns of strong earthquakes within mainland China. The China Seismic Experimental Site, located in the Sichuan-Yunnan region, is a key area of tectonic deformation caused by the collision and convergence of the Indian and Eurasian plates. This region plays a vital role in transferring tectonic stress between western China and adjacent plates.

This comprehensive study analyzes the integrity, three-dimensional characteristics, hierarchy, and tectonic activity of blocks within the Sichuan-Yunnan region, following established schemes and criteria for defining active block boundaries. After detailed research, the major active fault zones in the region have been divided into three primary active block boundary zones and sixteen secondary boundary zones.

A new reference scheme was developed by considering several factors, including the historical distribution of strong earthquakes, the hierarchical patterns of earthquake frequency and magnitude, spatial variations in present-day deformation as revealed by GNSS data, and deep crustal differences indicated by gravity data and velocity structures. The Jinshajiang-Honghe Fault, Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshuihe-Anninghe-Zemuhe-Xiaojiang Fault, and Longmenshan Fault are identified as the primary active block boundary zones, while faults such as the Lijiang-Xiaojinhe, Nantinghe, and Longriba faults are classified as secondary boundary zones.

Through an integrated analysis of seismic activity, current deformation patterns, fault sizes, deep crustal structures, and paleoseismic data, the study estimates that the primary boundary zones have the potential to generate earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or greater, while the secondary boundary zones could produce earthquakes of magnitude 6.5 or greater.

The expansion of geophysical exploration, including shallow and deep earth data, has allowed for a transition in the study of active tectonics from surface-focused to depth-focused, from qualitative to quantitative, and from two-dimensional to three-dimensional analysis. By integrating multiple data sources, i.e. regional geology, geophysics, seismicity, and large-scale deformation measurements, this study presents a more refined delineation of active blocks in the Sichuan-Yunnan region.

The new delineation scheme provides a scientific basis for future mechanical simulations of interactions between active blocks in the Sichuan-Yunnan Experimental Site. It also offers a framework for assessing the probability of strong earthquakes and evaluating seismic hazards. The purpose of this study is to re-analyze and refine the delineation of active block boundaries using high-resolution, coordinated data while building on previous research.

In summary, the Sichuan-Yunnan region’s primary fault zones are divided into three primary and sixteen secondary active block boundary zones. The study concludes that primary boundary zones are capable of generating magnitude 7.5 or greater earthquakes, while secondary zones can produce magnitude 6.5 or greater earthquakes. While the current block delineation scheme offers a valuable foundation, further discussion and refinement of certain secondary boundary zones are needed as detection and observational data improve. This study provides an essential framework for analyzing the dynamic interactions between active blocks, identifying seismogenic environments, and assessing seismic risks in the Sichuan-Yunnan region.

Key words: active block boundary, seismic activity, tectonic features, seismic hazard, Sichuan-Yunnan Experimental Site

孙晓, 鲁人齐, 张金玉, 王伟, 苏鹏. 川滇实验场地区活动地块边界新划分参考方案[J]. 地震地质, 2024, 46(5): 1027-1047.

SUN Xiao, LU Ren-qi, ZHANG Jin-yu, WANG Wei, SU Peng. A NEW REFERENCE SCHEME FOR THE DELINEATION OF ACTIVE BLOCK BOUNDARIES IN THE SICHUAN-YUNNAN EXPERIMENTAL SITE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(5): 1027-1047.

图/表 10

图 1 中国大陆及邻区主要活动断裂、活动地块与强震分布图黑色实线为活动断裂, 灰色实线为先存断裂。地震目录数据(公元前780年—2023年)来源于文献(国家地震局震害防御司, 1995; 中国地震局震害防御司, 1999; 中国地震局监测预报司, 2023)。黄色线条和不规则区为一级活动地块边界带, 绿色线条和不规则区为二级活动地块边界带(张培震等, 2013).

Fig. 1 Distribution of main active blocks, strong earthquakes, and active faults in the Chinese mainland and adjacent regions.

图 2 川滇地区活动地块边界带示意与强震(M≥6)分布图 AZF 安宁河-则木河断裂; CHF 程海断裂; CYF 察隅断裂; DLSF 大凉山断裂; DZF 德钦-中甸-大具断裂; FBHF 抚边河断裂; GYF 甘孜-玉树断裂带; HYF 虎牙断裂; JPSF 锦屏山断裂; JSJF 金沙江断裂; LCJF 澜沧江断裂; LMSF 龙门山断裂带; LRF 龙陵-瑞丽断裂; LRBF 龙日坝断裂; LTF 理塘断裂; LXF 丽江-小金河断裂; MBF 马边断裂; MHF 玛曲-荷叶断裂; MJF 岷江断裂; NCF 南华-楚雄断裂; NJF 怒江断裂; NTHF 南汀河断裂; QJF 曲江断裂; RRF 红河断裂; WAF 畹町-安定断裂; WQF 维西-乔后断裂; WSSF 万寿山断裂; XGDF 昔格达断裂; XJF 小江断裂; XSHF 鲜水河断裂; YMF 元谋断裂。地震目录来自文献(国家地震局震害防御司, 1995; 中国地震局震害防御司, 1999; 中国地震局监测预报司, 2023)。Ⅰ、 Ⅱ、 Ⅲ为一级地块边界带的序号, 1—16为次级块体边界带的序号

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the boundary zone of active blocks and distribution of strong earthquakes(M≥6)in the Sichuan-Yunnan region.

图 3 川滇实验场各活动地块边界带的地震分布统计 a 边界带内地震的总体分布; b 各级边界带内的地震分布; c—一级边界带内的地震分布; d 次级边界带内的地震分布。Ⅰ、 Ⅱ、 Ⅲ为一级地块边界带的序号, 1—16为次级块体边界带的序号

Fig. 3 The statistical distribution of earthquakes in the active block boundary zones around the Sichuan-Yunnan Experimental Site.

表1 川滇地区各边界带的历史地震基本情况

Table 1 Basic situation of historical earthquakes in the active block boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan region

边界带序号	边界带级别	活动断裂名称	地震数
			6.0≤M<6.5	6.5≤M<7.0	7.0≤M<7.5	M≥7.5
Ⅰ	一级	金沙江断裂	12	6	4	0
		德钦-中甸-大具断裂
		红河断裂
Ⅱ	一级	甘孜-玉树断裂	24	16	11	9
		鲜水河断裂
		安宁河断裂
		则木河断裂
		小江断裂
		曲江断裂
		万寿山断裂
Ⅲ	一级	龙门山断裂带	12	0	1	1
1	次级	南汀河断裂	1	0	1	0
2	次级	龙陵-瑞丽断裂^*	2	1	2	0
		畹町-安定断裂
3	次级	察隅断裂^*	5	4	0	0
		怒江断裂
4	次级	澜沧江断裂^*	2	0	0	0
		维西-乔后断裂
5	次级	理塘断裂赠科-硕曲断裂	0	0	1	0
6	次级	丽江-小金河断裂^*	1	1	0	0
		锦屏山断裂
7	次级	昔格达断裂^*	1	1	0	0
		元谋断裂
8	次级	南华-楚雄断裂	1	3	0	0
9	次级	程海断裂	2	0	0	1
10	次级	抚边河断裂	1	1	0	0
11	次级	龙日坝断裂	1	0	1	0
12	次级	玛曲-荷叶断裂^*	0	2	2	0
		虎牙断裂
13	次级	岷江断裂	2	3	1	1
14	次级	大凉山断裂	0	0	0	0
15	次级	马边断裂	2	3	2	0
16	次级	先存断裂	1	1	0	0

图 4 青藏高原东南缘GNSS度场(GNSS数据来自Wang et al., 2020) AZF 安宁河-则木河断裂; CHF 程海断裂; CYF 察隅断裂; DLSF 大凉山断裂; DZF 德钦-中甸-大具断裂; FBHF 抚边河断裂; GYF 甘孜-玉树断裂带; HYF 虎牙断裂; JPSF 锦屏山断裂; JSJF 金沙江断裂; LCJF 澜沧江断裂; LMSF 龙门山断裂带; LRF 龙陵-瑞丽断裂; LRBF 龙日坝断裂; LTF 理塘断裂; LXF 丽江-小金河断裂; MBF 马边断裂; MHF 玛曲-荷叶断裂; MJF 岷江断裂; NCF 南华-楚雄断裂; NJF 怒江断裂; NTHF 南汀河断裂; RRF 红河断裂; WAF 畹町-安定断裂; WQF 维西- 乔后断裂; XJF 小江断裂; XSHF: 鲜水河断裂; YMF 元谋断裂。粉色线条和不规则区是一级地块边界带

Fig. 4 The GNSS velocity field of southernmost Tibetan Plateau(GNSS data from Wang et al., 2020).

图 5 川滇地区GNSS最大剪应变率场(数据来自Wang et al., 2023) AZF 安宁河-则木河断裂; CHF 程海断裂; CYF 察隅断裂; DLSF 大凉山断裂; DZF 德钦-中甸-大具断裂; FBHF 抚边河断裂; GYF 甘孜-玉树断裂带; HYF 虎牙断裂; JSJF 金沙江断裂; LCJF 澜沧江断裂; LMSF 龙门山断裂带; LRF 龙陵-瑞丽断裂; LRBF 龙日坝断裂; LTF 理塘断裂; LXF 丽江-小金河断裂; MJF 岷江断裂; NCF 南华-楚雄断裂; NTHF 南汀河断裂; RRF 红河断裂; WAF 畹町-安定断裂; WQF 维西-乔后断裂; XJF 小江断裂; XSHF 鲜水河断裂; YMF 元谋断裂

Fig. 5 Maximum shear strain rate field in the Sichuan-Yunnan region by GNSS observation(data from Wang et al., 2023).

图 6 川滇地区三维地震层析成像模型(VP、 VS数据来自刘影等, 2023) Ⅰ、 Ⅱ、 Ⅲ为一级地块边界带的序号, 1—16为次级块体边界带的序号

Fig. 6 Three-dimensional seismic tomography modeling in Sichuan-Yunnan region (VP, VS data from LIU Ying et al., 2023).

图 7 川滇及邻区的布格重力异常分布 Ⅰ、 Ⅱ、 Ⅲ为一级地块边界带的序号, 1—16为次级块体边界带的序号.

Fig. 7 Bouguer gravity anomaly distribution in Sichuan, Yunnan, and adjacent regions.

表2 川滇地区各边界带划分的参考依据

Table 2 Reference basis for the active block zonation in the Sichuan-Yunnan region

序号一级	块体边界张培震等,2003;徐锡伟等,2003	参考前人块体边界的划分方案强	强震活动性中	现今变形特征不显著	地壳三维速度结构差异显著性不显著	布格重力异常特征显著性Ⅰ
Ⅱ	一级	张培震等,2003;徐锡伟等,2003	强	强	不显著	不显著
Ⅲ	一级	张培震等,2003;徐锡伟等,2003	强	中	显著	显著
1	次级	程佳等,2012	较强	中	显著	不显著
2	次级		较强	中	不显著	不显著
3	次级		一般	中	不显著	显著
4	次级		一般	中	不显著	不显著
5	次级	Shen et al., 2005;程佳等,2012	较强	中	不显著	不显著
6	次级	徐锡伟等,2003;程佳等,2012	一般	中	显著	显著
7	次级		一般	中	不显著	不显著
8	次级		一般	中	不显著	不显著
9	次级		较强	中	显著	不显著
10	次级		一般	中	显著	不显著
11	次级	Shen et al., 2005;程佳等,2012	较强	中	不显著	不显著
12	次级		较强	中	不显著	不显著
13	次级		较强	中	不显著	不显著
14	次级		一般	中	不显著	不显著
15	次级		较强	中	显著	显著
16	次级		一般	中	不显著	不显著

图 8 川滇地区活动地块边界带划分初步参考方案 AZF 安宁河-则木河断裂; CHF 程海断裂; CYF 察隅断裂; DLSF 大凉山断裂; DZF 德钦-中甸-大具断裂; FBHF 抚边河断裂; GYF 甘孜-玉树断裂带; HYF 虎牙断裂; JPSF 锦屏山断裂; JSJF 金沙江断裂; LCJF 澜沧江断裂; LMSF 龙门山断裂带; LRF 龙陵-瑞丽断裂; LRBF 龙日坝断裂; LTF 理塘断裂; LXF 丽江-小金河断裂; MBF 马边断裂; MHF 玛曲-荷叶断裂; MJF 岷江断裂; NCF 南华-楚雄断裂; NJF 怒江断裂; NTHF 南汀河断裂; QJF 曲江断裂; RRF 红河断裂; WAF 畹町-安定断裂; WQF 维西-乔后断裂; WSSF 万寿山断裂; XGDF 昔格达断裂; XJF 小江断裂; XSHF 鲜水河断裂; YMF 元谋断裂。地震目录来自文献(国家地震局震害防御司, 1995; 中国地震局震害防御司, 1999; 中国地震局监测预报司, 2023)。Ⅰ、 Ⅱ、 Ⅲ为一级地块边界带的序号, 1—16为次级块体边界带的序号

Fig. 8 Preliminary reference scheme for the determination of active block boundaries in Sichuan-Yunnan region.

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