西准噶尔地区托里断裂晚第四纪构造变形

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2023.01.003

地震地质 ›› 2023, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (1): 49-66.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2023.01.003

西准噶尔地区托里断裂晚第四纪构造变形

原浩东¹⁾^,²⁾(), 李安¹⁾^,³⁾^,^*(), 黄伟亮²⁾, 胡宗凯¹⁾^,³⁾, 左玉琦¹⁾^,³⁾, 杨晓平¹⁾^,³⁾

1)中国地震局地质研究所, 地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京 100029
2)长安大学, 地质工程与测绘学院, 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安 710054
3)新疆帕米尔陆内俯冲国家野外科学观测研究站, 北京 100029

收稿日期:2022-04-24 修回日期:2022-06-16 出版日期:2023-02-20 发布日期:2023-03-24
通讯作者: * 李安, 男, 1983年生, 副研究员, 研究方向为活动构造和古地震, E-mail: lian@ies.ac.cn。
作者简介:原浩东, 男, 1997年生, 现为长安大学和中国地震局地质研究所联合培养地质工程专业在读硕士研究生, 研究方向为活动构造与地震地质, E-mail: 18335528494@163.com。
基金资助:
中国地震局地质研究所基本科研业务专项(IGCEA2115)

GEOLOGICAL DEFORMATION OF THE TUOLI FAULT IN THE WEST JUNGGAR SINCE THE LATE QUATERNARY

YUAN Hao-dong¹⁾^,²⁾(), LI An¹⁾^,³⁾^,^*(), HUANG Wei-liang²⁾, HU Zong-kai¹⁾^,³⁾, ZUO Yu-qi¹⁾^,³⁾, YANG Xiao-ping¹⁾^,³⁾

1)State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
2)College of Geological Engineering and Surveying of Chang'an University, Key Laboratory of Western China Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Xi'an 710054, China
3)Xinjiang Pamir Intracontinental Subduction National Observation and Research Station, Beijing 100029, China

Received:2022-04-24 Revised:2022-06-16 Online:2023-02-20 Published:2023-03-24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

受新生代印度-欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应影响, 西准噶尔地区平行斜列的走滑断裂系统被重新激活。托里断裂作为其中重要的组成部分, 获取其晚第四纪构造变形特征对于认识和理解天山以北区域的构造变形和地壳缩短吸收方式都具有重要意义。文中基于野外调查结果和无人机三维重建技术分析了托里断裂晚第四纪的构造变形特征, 并利用光释光测年方法对托里断裂的地貌面期次进行定年, 进而通过冲沟和阶地陡坎等标志性地貌的位错量和地貌年龄计算托里断裂的晚第四纪活动速率。研究结果表明: 托里断裂由东、西2支分支断裂构成, 均以左旋水平走滑为主。东支断裂使喀普舍克河T3和T2阶地分别产生了(89±31)m和(39±13)m的水平位错量, 结合T3阶地(52.9±5.1)ka和T2阶地(23.4±1.5)ka的形成年龄, 计算得到其活动速率约为(1.7±0.8)mm/a; 西支断裂使铁斯巴汗河T2阶地产生了(34.0±6.8)m的水平位错量以及喀普舍克河T3阶地上最大为(37.5-4.1/+2.7)m的冲沟水平位错量, 结合T2阶地(18.8±1.3)ka的形成年龄, 计算得到其活动速率为(1.8+0.5/-1.3)mm/a。结合前人对塔城东断裂的研究结果分析认为, 西准噶尔地区的平行左旋走滑断裂系统具有书斜构造模型的特点, 并通过断裂系的平行走滑运动吸收了西准噶尔地区大部分挤压缩短量, 在控制该区域SN向地壳缩短过程中发挥了重要作用。

关键词: 西准噶尔, 托里断裂, 晚第四纪, 活动速率, 书斜构造

Abstract:

In the Cenozoic, under the influence of the collision of the India-Eurasia plate and the northward pushing after that, deformation occurred in the interior of the continent, and the crustal deformation is mainly absorbed by the thickening of the crust and the strike-slip movement of the fault. The GPS velocity field shows that the area north of Tianshan absorbs the shortening with a rate of~2mm/a. How the shortening with these rates is absorbed is a topic worthy of study. The West Junggar, located to the north of the Tianshan Mountains and developed with the inclined parallel strike-slip fault system is an important area of crustal shortening. The inclined parallel strike-slip fault system includes the east Tacheng Fault, Tuoli Fault and Daerbute Fault. Hence, the structural deformation of the Tuoli Fault in the late Quaternary is significant for understanding the structural deformation and crustal shortening absorption mode in the north of Tianshan Mountains.

In this study, two branches were found extending along the Tuoli Fault in the direction of NE based on remote sensing image interpretation. Field investigation to the two branch faults shows that many marker landforms were dislocated in the study area, including gullies and terrace riser. The two faults cross through the terraces developed in the Kapusheke River and the Tiesibahan River in this area, forming offset terrace riser. Because the terrace riser is in the retained bank of the river, the upper-layer terrace model is used to calculate the fault’s slip rate. The gullies are mainly distributed on the T3 terrace of the Kapushek River on the west branch fault. The horizontal dislocation of these gullies ranges from 10m to 37.5m, and the largest horizontal dislocation is located in the No. 8 gully, which is (37.5-4.1/+2.7)m. Since the actual value of the fault movement rate must be greater than the rate obtained by the sub-gully offset, we choose the maximum offset of the gully on the landform surface in calculating the slip rate. We used OSL(Optical Stimulated Luminescence)to date the age of the landform and used UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)photogrammetry technology to extract high-precision DEM of the study area. Then, we calculate the movement rate of the Tuoli Fault since the late Quaternary from the dislocations and the age of landmark landforms such as gullies and terraces. The results show that the Tuoli Fault comprises two branch faults in the east and the west, both of which are left-lateral horizontal strike-slip. The east branch fault produced a (89±31)m and (39±13)m horizontal dislocation on the T3 and T2 terrace of the Kapusheke River, respectively. Combined with the (52.9±5.1)ka of the T3 terrace age and (23.4±1.5)ka of the T2 terrace age, the horizontal slip-rate of (1.7±0.8)mm/a is calculated for the eastern branch fault. The western branch fault produced a horizontal dislocation of (34.0±6.8)m on the T2 terrace of the Tiesibahan River and 37.5⁽-4.1/+4.1)m of the gully on the T3 terrace of the Kapusheke River. Combined with (18.8±1.3)ka of the T2 terrace age, we obtained a sinistral slip rate of 1.8(+0.5/-1.3)mm/a for the western branch fault. The sinistral slip rate of two branch faults of the Tuoli Fault is similar to the sinistral slip rate of the east Tacheng Fault in the previous research results. This study result indicates that these parallel left-lateral strike-slip faults in the West Junggar area conform to the characteristics of the bookshelf faults structural model, and most of the compression shortening in the West Junggar area is absorbed by the parallel strike-slip movement of the fault system. So this fault system has played an important role in controlling the NS shortening of the crust in this region.

Key words: West Junggar, Tuoli Fault, Late Quaternary, slip rate, bookshelf structure

中图分类号:

P315.2

原浩东, 李安, 黄伟亮, 胡宗凯, 左玉琦, 杨晓平. 西准噶尔地区托里断裂晚第四纪构造变形[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(1): 49-66.

YUAN Hao-dong, LI An, HUANG Wei-liang, HU Zong-kai, ZUO Yu-qi, YANG Xiao-ping. GEOLOGICAL DEFORMATION OF THE TUOLI FAULT IN THE WEST JUNGGAR SINCE THE LATE QUATERNARY[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(1): 49-66.

图/表 11

图1 天山西准噶尔的构造简图和研究区示意图 a 天山西准噶尔的构造简图, 黑色细线框为整条托里断裂的范围; b 研究区的河流阶地划分和托里断裂的解译结果。BAF 博罗可努-阿其克库都克断裂(准噶尔断裂); DNF 扎莱尔-奈曼断裂; TFF 塔拉斯-费尔干那断裂; ATF 阿尔金断裂; KLF 昆仑断裂; MFT 喜马拉雅山主边界冲断带; RRF 红河断裂; TLF-W 托里断裂西支; TLF-E 托里断裂东支

Fig. 1 Regional geological sketch map of the Tianshan-west Junggar and the study area.

图2 铁斯巴汗水库西侧的阶地位错 a 实测地形坡向图; b、 c T2阶地上陡坎的垂直位错量; d T1阶地上陡坎的垂直位错量; e T1/T2阶地陡坎的左旋位错照片

Fig. 2 Fault dislocation of terraces in the west side of the Tiesibahan reservoir.

图3 铁斯巴汗水库西探槽的剖面图 a 铁斯巴汗水库探槽南壁剖面图; b、 c、 d 探槽剖面细节图; e 铁斯巴汗水库探槽北壁剖面图

Fig. 3 Trench profile on the west side of the Tiesibahan reservoir.

图4 西支断裂冲沟的水平位错 a 左旋位错DEM图; b 部分冲沟位错及其复原图; c 断层地貌迹线的鸟瞰图

Fig. 4 Horizontal dislocations of gullies in the west branch.

表1 喀普舍克河T3阶地面上的冲沟水平位错统计表

Table1 Statistic result of the horizontal dislocations of the gullies on the T3 of the Kapusheke River

编号	北纬/(°)	东经/(°)	左旋位移量/m	误差/m
1	45.8711	83.5360	10.0	-1.2/+1.4
2	45.8725	83.5377	16.6	-0.9/+1.0
3	45.8763	83.5431	24.9	-2.1/+2.0
4	45.8790	83.5474	22.5	-0.9/+0.9
5	45.8802	83.5490	12.1	-1.8/+1.3
6	45.8831	83.5533	32.4	-2.1/+1.5
7	45.8852	83.5563	23.3	-0.7/+0.7
8	45.8881	83.5601	37.5	-4.1/+4.1
9	45.8897	83.5624	31.5	-4.0/+2.9
10	45.8917	83.5650	34.7	-2.0/+2.0
11	45.8923	83.5661	18.6	-0.5/+3.4
12	45.8934	83.5672	20.9	-1.3/+1.1
13	45.8944	83.5684	36.7	-3.9/+1.7
14	45.8954	83.5696	12.1	-2.4/+2.5

图5 喀普舍克河的阶地位错 a 喀普舍克河的阶地分布; b 河流阶地的照片; c T2阶地的采样位置; d T3阶地的采样位置; e T1阶地的采样位置; f 阶地的横剖面; g 南侧T3阶地上的断层陡坎剖面; h 北侧T3阶地上的断层陡坎剖面

Fig. 5 Fault dislocation on the terrace of the Kapusheke River.

图6 加玛特河的阶地位错 a 加玛特河的阶地分布; b 东支断裂剖面; c 断错T2冲积物的断层剖面; d T2阶地上2条冲沟间残留脊的位错量计算;e T2阶地上最新的断层陡坎剖面

Fig. 6 Fault dislocation on the terrace of the Jiamate River.

表2 托里断裂的样品结果

Table2 Dating results of the Tuoli Fault

野外编号	位置		北纬 /(°)	东经 /(°)	高程 /m	埋深 /m	U /μg·g^-1	Th /μg·g^-1	K /%	含水量 /%	粒径 /μm	环境剂量率 /Gy·ka^-1	等效剂量 /Gy	年龄 /ka
TL-3	喀普舍克河	T2	45.842	83.591	1348	0.5	3.81±0.03	10.5±0.06	2.04±0.01	6.3	90~125	3.7±0.2	86.1±4.5	23.4±1.5
TL-4		T3	45.846	83.597	1349	0.4	7.06±0.16	7.06±0.05	1.72±0.01	2.6	90~125	4.0±0.2	213.0±18.5	52.9±5.1
TL-5		T1	45.848	83.595	1327	0.7	2.34±0.05	7.54±0.15	2.85±0.03	2.6	90~125	4.1±0.2	71.3±3.1	17.5±1.1
TL-6	加玛特河	T2砾石层	45.750	83.529	1459	6.5	2.41±0.06	7.88±0.15	3.4±0.01	1.2	90~125	4.6±0.2	261.4±5.4	57.0±2.9
TL-7		T2粗砂层	45.750	83.529	1459	1.8	6.69±0.05	11±0.23	2.03±0.02	5.8	90~125	4.3±0.2	99.3±3.4	23.1±1.2
TL-8		坎前堆积	45.750	83.529	1459	0.5	2.33±0.05	9.91±0.06	2.79±0.02	2.8	90~125	4.2±0.2	33.1±1.8	7.9±0.5
TL-11	铁斯巴汗探槽	崩积楔	45.748	83.491	1278	0.7	2.05±0.05	7.42±0.06	1.64±0.01	1.1	90~125	2.9±0.1	64.1±3.0	22.4±1.4
TL-12		断塞塘	45.748	83.491	1278	0.7	1.63±0.03	5.53±0.12	1.64±0.01	3.2	90~125	2.6±0.1	44.2±2.7	17.2±1.3
TL-13		T2	45.748	83.491	1278	1.0	2.29±0.03	7.64±0.05	1.77±0.01	1.5	90~125	3.0±0.1	57.0±3.1	18.8±1.3
TL-14		崩积楔	45.748	83.491	1278	0.7	1.89±0.02	7.07±0.06	1.81±0.01	3.0	90~125	2.9±0.1	56.0±4.2	19.3±1.6

表3 托里断裂的左旋走滑速率计算

Table3 Calculation of sinistral slip rate of the Tuoli Fault

断裂	位错编号	位错来源	位错量/m	样品编号	样品年龄/ka	走滑速率/mm·a^-1
西支	T2t	铁斯巴汗T2阶地坎位错	34.0±6.8	TL-14	19.3±1.6	1.8±0.5
	T2t_min	铁斯巴汗T2冲沟最大位错	25.4±7.0	TL-12	17.2±1.3	1.5±0.4
	T3k_min	喀普舍克T3冲沟最大位错	37.5±4.1	TL-4	52.9±5.1	0.7±0.2
东支	T3k	喀普舍克T3阶地坎位错	89±31	TL-4	52.9±5.1	1.7±0.8
	T2k	喀普舍克T2阶地坎位错	39±13	TL-3	23.4±1.5	1.7±0.8
	T2j_min	加玛特T2残留脊位错	36±5	TL-7	23.1±1.2	1.6±0.4

图7 托里断裂的左旋走滑速率 a 西支断裂的左旋走滑速率; b 东支断裂的左旋走滑速率。T2t 铁斯巴汗T2阶地陡坎位错; T2tmin铁斯巴汗T2阶地冲沟位错; T3kmin喀普舍克河T3阶地冲沟位错; T3k 喀普舍克河T3阶地陡坎位错; T2k 喀普舍克河T2阶地陡坎位错; T2jmin加玛特河T2阶地残留脊位错

Fig. 7 Sinistral slip rate of the Tuoli Fault.

图8 西准噶尔地区的区域构造变形 a 西准噶尔地区的断裂展布特征; b 西准噶尔的书斜构造推测模型。KSF 喀什河断裂; BAF 博阿断裂;NTF 北天山山前断裂; DF 达尔布特断裂; TLF 托里断裂; ETF 塔城东断裂; STF 塔尔巴哈台山南缘断裂

Fig. 8 Regional deformation of the west Junggar area.

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西准噶尔地区托里断裂晚第四纪构造变形

GEOLOGICAL DEFORMATION OF THE TUOLI FAULT IN THE WEST JUNGGAR SINCE THE LATE QUATERNARY

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