东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段晚第四纪构造活动特征的地貌响应定量研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.06.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

位于东昆仑断裂带东段的玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带由数条规模不等、羽状斜列的次级断裂组成, 其晚第四纪滑动速率自西向东呈现梯度式降低的原因仍存在较大争议。精确查明玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带及其分支断裂的几何学和运动学特征, 可为探讨东昆仑断裂带东段的构造转换机制、评价地震危险性提供重要线索。地貌指数定量分析是活动构造研究中的重要方法之一。其中, 面积-高程积分(HI)和河流坡降指数(SL)可有效揭示区域构造变形信息, 而地势起伏度(TR)能直观地反映区域构造活动的侵蚀响应程度。文中利用30m精度的AW3D30数据系统地定量提取玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带及其周边整个流域的TR指数、流域盆地的HI指数及主要河流的Hack剖面、 SL指数及归一化坡降指数(SLK), 通过构造地貌与河道形态揭示区域构造活动的地貌响应特征, 探讨不同构造段落的活动强度。研究结果表明, 沿玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带的HI指数、 Hack剖面、 SLK指数及TR指数等值呈自西向东连续下降的变化特征, 其中, HI值自西部的0.77~0.89向E下降至0.15~0.36, TR所反映的地表侵蚀量从欧拉秀玛乡西侧的400m向E降至玛曲县东侧的(61±11)m, 而Hack剖面的上凸程度与其SLK异常显著性则具有西高东低的分布特征, 这与沿主断裂带晚第四纪滑动速率自西向东梯度递减的趋势基本一致, 表明地貌指数值变化与断裂活动强度密切相关; 地貌指数的空间分布差异性揭示了玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带及分支断裂(阿万仓断裂和尕海断裂)的晚第四纪构造活动性具有西段最强, 中段、东段逐渐减弱的显著分段特征。结合野外构造地貌调查和验证认为, 玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带的晚第四纪活动性从玛沁-欧拉秀玛一带的断裂交会区开始向E逐渐减弱。因此, 推断东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段晚第四纪左旋走滑速率向E降低的现象与其主断裂带及阿万仓断裂、尕海断裂等分支断裂构成的马尾状断裂系统密切相关, 分支断裂通过左旋走滑与逆冲变形共同吸收和调节了东昆仑断裂带东段向E扩展过程中的部分运动分量, 对东昆仑断裂带东段的构造转换与变形分解起到了关键作用。

关键词: 面积-高程积分, 地势起伏度, 河流坡降指数, 构造活动强度, 东昆仑断裂带东段

Abstract:

The Maqin-Maqu segment(MMS)of the East Kunlun fault zone(EKLF)is located in the seismic gap with a high seismic risk. Study on the geometric characteristics and late Quaternary differential tectonic activity of MMS is critical for carrying out the seismic risk assessment of the cities and towns with relatively high population like the Maqin and Maqu County in the eastern part of EKLF. Previous studies indicated that the late Quaternary left-lateral slip rate along MMS shows an eastward gradient decreasing. However, the geodynamic mechanism to explain this gradient decreasing of slip rate remains controversial. Therefore, accurately identifying the geometric and kinematic characteristics of the major fault zone of MMS and its branch faults can provide important clues for understanding the tectonic transformation mechanism and its seismic risk assessment along the eastern part of EKLF. The geomorphic index can quantitatively describe the geomorphologic characteristics, and effectively extract the active tectonic deformation from surface landscapes. The hypsometric integral index(HI)can well reveal the spatial distribution of the regional tectonic activity intensity by calculating the current three-dimensional volume residual rate of drainage basins. The stream-length gradient index(SL)can effectively reflect the regional tectonic deformation by identifying the geomorphic anomalies of river longitudinal profiles. And the topographic relief(TR)can directly evaluate the geomorphologic erosion in response to the regional tectonic activity. These geomorphic indices have been widely used to differentiate active tectonic deformation regionally.
In this study, the geological and geomorphic interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing images are employed to determine the spatial distribution and geometrical features of the major fault zone and branch faults of MMS. The 30m AW3D30 data is used to extract systematically 69 drainage basins along the MMS and adjacent area by GIS spatial analysis technology. Our results indicate that the HI indices along the major fault zone of MMS are much higher in the western segment(0.77~0.89)than in the eastern one(0.15~0.36), and its branch faults like the Awancang Fault(AWCF)and Gahai Fault(GHF)have similar variations. Along the major fault zone of MMS, the TR indices of the Maqin-Oulasuma fault intersection area reach about 400m, and the erosion amounts decrease eastward gradually(middle: 150~180m, east: 50~72m). The TR indices along AWCF also show a trend of decreasing from west(280~350m)to east(18~65m), and the eastern segment(25~100m)of GHF account for~10%~40% of the middle part(~250m). In addition, the distributions of the Hack profile and SLK index vary spatially. In the western segments, rivers with up-convex Hack profiles and higher SLK abnormal values suggest that they are strongly affected by tectonic activity. Thus, the above-mentioned variations of geomorphic index values along MMS show a continuous eastward decreasing, which is displaying a similar trend as the late Quaternary long-term slip rate gradients along MMS. It demonstrates that quantitative geomorphologic analysis is of great indicative function on decoding geomorphologic responses to active deformation processes. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of geomorphic index values and field geomorphologic investigations reveal that the major fault zone of MMS and its branch faults can be divided into 3 segments, and their activities also show an eastward decreasing. The HI and TR indicate that the turning point of tectonic activity intensity of MMS is near the township of Oulasuma. Therefore, we infer that the slip rate gradient decreasing along MMS might be caused by tectonic transformation and strain distribution of the major fault of MMS together with AWCF and GHF, which are composing a typical horsetail-shaped fault system and play a key role on tectono-geomorphic growth in the eastern part of EKLF.

Key words: hypsometric integral, topographic relief, stream-length gradient index, tectonic activity intensity, eastern part of East Kunlun fault zone

中图分类号:

P315.2

李昭, 付碧宏. 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段晚第四纪构造活动特征的地貌响应定量研究[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(6): 1421-1447.

LI Zhao, FU Bi-hong. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES OF GEOMORPHOLOGIC FEATURES IN RESPONSE TO LATE QUATERNARY TECTONIC ACTI-VITIES ALONG THE MAQIN-MAQU SEGMENT, EAST KUNLUN FAULT ZONE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1421-1447.

图/表 16

图 1 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段的活动构造图(据邓起东(2002)和Fu等(2011)修改) EKLF 东昆仑断裂; AWCF 阿万仓断裂; GHF 尕海断裂; CMHF 西藏大沟-昌马河断裂; LMSF 郎木寺断裂; GDF 贵德断裂;LTF 临潭-宕昌断裂; MJXSNF 玛积雪山南缘断裂; ZTF 中铁断裂; GDSF 光盖山-迭山断裂。底图为30m AW3D30数据

Fig. 1 Map showing major active faults developed along the Maqin-Maqu segment of the East Kunlun fault zone (modified from DENG Qi-dong, 2002 and Fu et al., 2011).

图 2 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段的地质构造图

Fig. 2 Geologic map of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

图 3 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段的水系分级和流域分布图

Fig. 3 River system grading and drainage basins distribution map along the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

图 4 Hack剖面示意图(据Chen等(2003)修改) a 理想均衡状态下的河流纵剖面; b 半对数坐标下的理想均衡河流纵剖面, 即Hack剖面, 其斜率k为SL指数; c、 d 受构造抬升而隆起的河流纵剖面及相应Hack剖面形态; e “弯曲”的Hack剖面可分为4段线性拟合河段(Ⅰ、 Ⅱ、 Ⅲ、 Ⅳ)且每段均有固定的SL值, 其拟合直线的斜率K为均衡坡降指标, 代表动态平衡状态下的理想河流剖面

Fig. 4 Conceptual diagram of Hack profiles(modified from Chen et al., 2003).

图 5 基于30m AW3D30数据的TR散点分布图

Fig. 5 Relationship between statistics units and topographic relief(30m).

图 6 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段的HI空间分布图

Fig. 6 HI map of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

表1 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段的河流地貌参数

Table1 The river geomorphic parameters of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone

断裂带名称	分段	河流编号	河长/km	均衡坡降指数K	K_mean
玛沁—玛曲段主断裂带	玛沁—欧拉秀玛段(西段)	R₁	109.05	97.43	95.30
		R₂	69.00	99.90
		R₃	59.70	82.66
		R₄	37.95	101.19
	欧拉秀玛—贡玛段(中段)	R₅	36.30	82.67	77.47
		R₆	40.20	89.67
		R₇	22.95	71.06
		R₈	26.25	66.49
	玛曲段(东段)	R₉	29.85	60.95	32.67
		R₁₀	42.75	30.57
		R₁₁	14.70	6.50
阿万仓断裂	阿布达拉段(北西段)	R₄	37.95	101.19	74.15
		R₁₂	46.80	73.94
		R₁₃	21.00	47.33
	交宗杂玛尔—沃特段(中段)	R₁₄	41.55	60.86	62.62
		R₁₅	66.45	75.83
		R₁₆	39.00	51.19
	沃特—采日玛段(南东段)	R₁₇	29.40	41.52	33.22
		R₁₈	24.45	42.98
		R₁₉	43.50	15.17
尕海断裂	多松段(西段)	R₂₀	37.60	40.25	40.25
	哈拉塘—哈让曲段(中段)	R₂₁	74.10	65.45	55.47
		R₂₂	13.35	54.11
		R₂₃	19.95	46.86
	尕海段(东段)	R₂₄	91.80	50.83	50.83

图 7 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段的河流Hack剖面与相对应的SLK 蓝色实线代表SLK, 黄色实线为对应河段的Hack剖面, 红色虚线表示河段中SLK异常区

Fig. 7 Hack profile and SLK index along the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

图 8 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段的TR空间分布图 a 基于高程阈值法提取的东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段的地势起伏分布图; b-d 基于高程条带法提取的东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段的二维面性地势起伏信息, 其中AA'、 BB'、 CC'分别横跨玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带及分支阿万仓断裂、尕海断裂的西段、中段、东段

Fig. 8 Topographic relief map of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

图 9 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段的HI、 SLK与流域面积的Kendall相关性分析 a HI值与其相应流域面积的Kendall相关性统计结果, 相关系数τ为-0.024, 显示二者无显著相关性; b SLK的平均值与其相应流域面积的Kendall相关性统计结果, 相关系数τ为0.283, 表明二者之间相关程度较低

Fig. 9 Correlation analysis between geomorphic index(HI, SLK) and basin area of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

图 10 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段HI与岩性的相关性分析 a 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段及其周边地区HI与岩性分布的叠加图, 其中, 地层颜色及其指示意义如图2所示; b 不同形成时代的岩石与其对应HI的K-W分析结果; c 不同类型的岩石与其对应HI的K-W分析结果。图中岩石类型划分为: 1 灰岩; 2 变质碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩; 3 构造混杂岩; 4 花岗岩; 5 砂岩、砾岩; 6 灰岩与泥灰岩; 7 砂岩、板岩; 8 砂岩、板岩与碳酸盐岩; 9 冰碛物

Fig. 10 Correlation analysis between HI and lithology of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

图 11 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段SLK与岩性的相关性分析蓝色实线为SLK, 黄色实线为对应河段的Hack剖面, 黑色虚线指示断裂, 岩性代号同图2

Fig. 11 Correlation analysis between SLK and lithology of the Maqin-Maqu segment in the East Kunlun fault zone.

图 12 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段的构造地貌特征 a 玛沁-玛曲段主断裂带的构造解译图, 底图为30m AW3D30数据; b 玛沁县西侧断层陡坎地貌的三维显示图, 底图为Google卫星图; c 基于野外无人机实测的断裂切割山前冲洪积物并左旋断错系列水系的地貌特征; d 欧拉秀玛乡西侧发育的反向断层陡坎及断塞塘构造地貌; e 欧拉秀玛乡东侧断层的线性地貌; f 玛曲县西侧南高北低的断层陡坎线性地貌, 底图为基于无人机正射测量获得DEM数据; g 基于图f中的DEM数据测量得到的断层陡坎高度示意图

Fig. 12 Tectono-geomorpgic characteristics along the Maqin-Maqu segment.

图 13 阿万仓断裂的构造地貌特征 a 阿万仓断裂的构造解译图, 底图为30m AW3D30数据; b 达贡卡东侧阿万仓断裂北西段西支无人机高精度图像显示出的线性断层陡坎与鞍状地貌; c 欧拉秀玛西侧阿万仓断裂北西段东支无人机高精度图像显示出的线性断层沟槽及水系、山脊的同步左旋位错; d 无人机DEM图像显示的阿万仓断裂中段线性断错地貌特征; e 阿万仓断裂中段基于无人机高精度图像的活动断裂解译图; f 阿万仓断裂中段的断层剖面; g 图f的断层剖面解译图, 红色实线指示断层

Fig. 13 Tectono-geomorphic characteristics along the Awancang Fault.

图 14 尕海断裂的构造地貌特征 a 尕海断裂的解译图, 底图为30m AW3D30数据; b 哈拉塘-哈让曲段线性断错地貌的三维显示图, 底图为Google卫星图; c 基于无人机航拍图像显示的尕海断裂中段处的断层陡坎、鞍状地貌及水系左旋错动现象; d 断裂切过山坡形成的线性断层陡坎地貌; e 活动断裂于山麓地带形成的线性断层沟槽与挤压鼓包

Fig. 14 Tectono-geomorphic characteristics along the Gahai Fault.

图 15 东昆仑断裂带东段沿走向滑动速率向E递减的构造变形模型示意图断裂数据来自邓起东(2002)、 Fu等(2011)及野外调查结果

Fig. 15 Three-dimensional tectonic deformation model showing the eastward slip rate gradients along the East Kunlun fault zone.

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