中更新世晚期以来中条山北麓断层滑动速率研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.06.004

地震地质 ›› 2022, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (6): 1403-1420.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.06.004

中更新世晚期以来中条山北麓断层滑动速率研究

张秀丽¹⁾(), 熊建国¹⁾^,^*(), 张培震²^,¹⁾, 刘晴日¹^,³⁾, 姚勇⁴⁾, 钟岳志³⁾, 张会平¹⁾, 李有利³⁾

1)中国地震局地质研究所, 地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京 100029
2)中山大学地球科学与工程学院, 广东省地球动力作用与地质灾害重点实验室, 广州 510275
3)北京大学城市与环境学院, 地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室, 北京 100871
4)中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 岩石圈演化国家重点实验室, 北京 100029

收稿日期:2022-02-07 修回日期:2022-09-06 出版日期:2022-12-20 发布日期:2023-01-21
通讯作者: 熊建国
作者简介:张秀丽, 女, 1998年生, 现为中国地震局地质研究所构造地质学专业在读硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为活动构造与构造地貌, E-mail: 2547768244@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41971002);国家自然科学基金(41888101)

STUDY ON THE SLIP RATE OF THE NORTH ZHONGTIAO SHAN FAULT SINCE THE LATE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE

ZHANG Xiu-li¹⁾(), XIONG Jian-guo¹⁾^,^*(), ZHANG Pei-zhen²^,¹⁾, LIU Qing-ri¹^,³⁾, YAO Yong⁴⁾, ZHONG Yue-zhi³⁾, ZHANG Hui-ping¹⁾, LI You-li³⁾

1)State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
2)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
3)Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Process of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
4)State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

Received:2022-02-07 Revised:2022-09-06 Online:2022-12-20 Published:2023-01-21
Contact: XIONG Jian-guo

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

约束断层在不同时间尺度上的滑动速率, 有利于认识其活动性和区域构造特征。文中以山西地堑系南部中条山北麓断层为研究对象, 利用无人机摄影测量技术获取小李村河断错地貌的高精度DEM, 通过光释光和AMS ¹⁴C年代学约束河流阶地序列的废弃年代和地层的沉积时代, 建立中更新世晚期以来小李村河地貌演化与中条山北麓断层活动的关系。结合断层上盘钻孔所揭露的沉积地层和光释光年龄, 约束中条山北麓断层在中更新世晚期以来2个不同时段的垂直断距, 获得的相应滑动速率为0.3~0.4mm/a, 并简要讨论了晚新生代以来该断层滑动速率的变化。

关键词: 滑动速率, 河流阶地, 中更新世, 中条山北麓断层, 山西地堑系

Abstract:

Slip rate is an important parameter for the quantitative study of active fault and can be used to reflect the mode and intensity of fault activity. However, the selection of geomorphic surface, the acquisition of displacements, and the limitation of chronologic methods result in challenges to constrain the slip rate. A series of boreholes and geochronology studies revealed a continuous sedimentary sequence of the Quaternary in the Yuncheng Basin in the southern Shanxi Graben System. Multiple late Quaternary river terraces have developed and been preserved in the northern piedmont of the Zhongtiao Shan. The activities of the north Zhongtiao Shan Fault resulted in the elevation difference between the strata in the Yuncheng Basin and the river terraces. In this study, we chose the geomorphic units of the Xiaolicun River and combined them with the results of boreholes in the Yuncheng Basin to constrain the slip rates of the north Zhongtiao Shan Fault since the Late Pleistocene. Based on field observation and remote sensing image interpretation, we established the distribution and sedimentary characteristics of four terraces and the latest alluvial fan of the Xiaolicun River. Two main faults(F₁ and F₂)and a series of fractures or branch faults have been identified in these sedimentary strata. The high-resolution DEM of the faulted landform of the Xiaolicun River was obtained using UAV photogrammetry technology. Combined with a stratigraphic outcrop survey, the landform and sedimentary section across the fault were constructed. The abandonment ages of the terraces T₄, T₃, T₂, and T₁ have been determined as(214.3±13.9)ka, (118.5±6.4)ka, (59.6±2.4)ka, and(10.9±0.5)ka by OSL dating, respectively. The chronological results of the AMS ¹⁴C dating show that the alluvial fan north of F₂ was deposited at 35~1ka. Based on these results, this study established the relationship between the geomorphic evolution of the Xiaolicun River and the activities of the north Zhongtiao Shan Fault. Since the late Middle Pleistocene, F₁ had been active, accompanied by the abandonment of the T₄. At~120ka, the terrace T₃ was formed, F₁ was no longer active, but F₂ began to be active and raise T₃ and T₄ in the footwall. Since then, the Xiaolicun River has undergone rapid incision and formed T₂ and T₁. The continuous activities of F₂ maintained T₄-T₁ in an uplifted state and formed a series of fractures in the alluvial fan. Based on this evolutionary relationship, T₄, T₃ and their corresponding strata in the boreholes of the Yuncheng Basin were used to constrain the slip rate of the north Zhongtiao Shan Fault in this study. After determining the depth in boreholes corresponding to the abandoned ages of T₄ and T₃, subtracting the influence of the surface slope and the activities of the southern Salty Lake Fault, and considering the depth error caused by climate change, the vertical displacements of the north Zhongtiao Shan Fault since the two periods were obtained with the vertical slip rate of(0.31±0.05)mm/a and(0.34±0.04)mm/a, respectively. Our results indicate that the slip rates of the north Zhongtiao Shan Fault since the late Middle Pleistocene are greater than those since the Late Pliocene and Quaternary.

Key words: slip rate, river terrace, Middle Pleistocene, north Zhongtiao Shan Fault, Shanxi Graben System

中图分类号:

P315.2

张秀丽, 熊建国, 张培震, 刘晴日, 姚勇, 钟岳志, 张会平, 李有利. 中更新世晚期以来中条山北麓断层滑动速率研究[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(6): 1403-1420.

ZHANG Xiu-li, XIONG Jian-guo, ZHANG Pei-zhen, LIU Qing-ri, YAO Yong, ZHONG Yue-zhi, ZHANG Hui-ping, LI You-li. STUDY ON THE SLIP RATE OF THE NORTH ZHONGTIAO SHAN FAULT SINCE THE LATE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(6): 1403-1420.

图/表 11

图 1 中条山-运城盆地地貌和构造分布图 a 中条山-运城盆地地貌和断层分布(Li et al., 1998); b 中条山北麓断层、盐湖南岸断层和盐湖北岸断层展布特征。盐湖钻孔 (李肖杨等, 2020)、 Pz3钻孔(曾金艳等, 2020)、 P3钻孔(Wang et al., 2002)的位置用白色五角星表示; 研究区用四边形表示

Fig. 1 Geomorphologic and tectonic map of the Zhongtiao Shan-Yuncheng Graben.

图 2 运城盆地钻孔岩心的年代学和沉积学 Pz3钻孔岩性、光释光样品及其年龄来自文献(曾金艳等, 2020); δ18O 深海氧同位素曲线(Lisiecki et al., 2005); 盐湖钻孔: LOI(烧矢量)、L*(亮度)、极性、岩性、光释光样品及其年龄来自文献(李肖杨等, 2020); GPTS 地磁极性年表(Gibbard et al., 2008)

Fig. 2 Geochronology and stratigraphy of boreholes in the Yuncheng Graben.

图 3 无人机摄影测量技术获取小李村河断错地貌的DEM a 无人机摄影测量获得的覆盖研究区的区域合成图像; b 无人机摄影相机的位置; c 15个地面控制点及相关的水平误差和垂直误差DEM分辨率, 每个地面控制点的误差以向量表示; d 使用Agisoft PhotoScan 1.4软件生成的数字高程DEM模型航空图像。A1-A2和B1-B2、 B3-B4、 B5-B6分别为小李村河阶地横剖面(图5)和纵剖面(图6)

Fig. 3 The DEM of the Xiaolicun River landform by the UAV photogrammetry technology.

图 4 断层分布与小李村河阶地、洪积扇的年代样品位置黄色菱形为本文光释光样品的取样点, 蓝色菱形为AMS 14C样品的取样点(Lü et al., 2014; 司苏沛等, 2014)

Fig. 4 Fault distribution and locations of dating samples for terraces and alluvial fan of the Xiaolicun River.

图 5 小李村河阶地横剖面结构

Fig. 5 Cross-section of the Xiaolicun River terraces.

图 6 小李村河阶地和洪积扇的纵剖面结构

Fig. 6 Longitudinal-section of the terraces and alluvial fan of the Xiaolicun River.

表1 小李村河阶地的光释光年龄

Table1 Optical stimulated luminescence ages for terraces of the Xiaolicun River

样品号	地貌单元	埋藏深度 /m	含水率 /%	U/ppm	Th/ppm	K /%	剂量率 /Gy·ka^-1	等效剂量 /Gy	年龄 /ka
XLC1-2	T1	1.8	5±3	2.47±0.04	11.80±0.19	2.29±0.04	4.56±0.16	49.51±1.22	10.9±0.5^*
XLC2-2	T2	4.1	11±5	2.73±0.18	10.34±0.82	2.00±0.05	3.91±0.17	235.97±6.81	60.4±3.1
XLC2-3	T2	1.9	6±3	2.85±0.05	9.65±0.11	1.74±0.02	3.88±0.14	231.24±4.84	59.6±2.4^*
XLC3-1	T3	1.1	5±3	2.88±0.05	11.68±0.16	1.98±0.01	4.41±0.15	559.09±23.91	126.9±7.0
XLC3-2	T3	1.1	5±3	2.53±0.06	10.74±0.21	2.05±0.03	4.26±0.15	504.80±21.29	118.5±6.4^*
XLC5-2	T4	1.1	12±5	1.28±0.02	3.81±0.05	0.84±0.02	1.73±0.07	430.45±35.06	248.8±22.4
XLC5-3	T4	0.7	12±5	6.03±0.09	6.03±0.09	1.20±0.01	2.50±0.09	535.73±27.02	214.3±13.5^*
XLC4-1	离石黄土基座	5.3	12±5	2.23±0.05	9.29±0.17	1.71±0.01	3.34±0.13	543.41±16.43	162.9±78.0
XLC4-2	离石黄土基座	7.6	14±5	2.67±0.09	14.51±0.49	2.04±0.03	4.13±0.16	611.63±24.61	147.9±8.4^*

表2 中条山北麓断层北盘(下降盘)沉积物的AMS 14C年龄

Table2 AMS 14C ages of sediments in the north wall(hanging wall)of the north Zhongtiao Shan Fault

样品号	采样层位	埋深/m	传统年龄/ka	校正年龄/ka	参考文献
X11	中粗砾石层	2	1.03±0.03	0.94±0.02	2014
XLC12	黑褐色古土壤条带	1.2	3.34±0.04	3.60±0.10	2014
X46	粗砾石层	1.8	3.61±0.04	3.91±0.08	2014
X47	灰黑色古土壤条带	3.2	4.85±0.05	5.60±0.10	2014
X40	浅棕黄色黄土层	3.6	5.25±0.04	5.97±0.03	2014
XLC10	灰白色粉砂层	5.5	9.36±0.05	10.60±0.20	2014
X17	浅棕色黄土层	3.5	14.49±0.08	17.45±0.34	2014
C04	灰黑色砾石层	11	20.64±0.09	24.70±0.20	2014
X31	灰黑色砾石层	4.8	20.67±0.09	24.70±0.20	2014
X23	棕色黄土	9.7	24.67±0.12	28.69±0.28	2014
X19	粗砂中砾石层	9.8	28.60±0.16	32.57±0.64	2014
X16	粗砂砾石层	9.5	28.80±0.16	33.30±0.20	2014
X28	浅褐色黄土层	2	31.39±0.20	35.27±0.47	2014

表3 中条山北麓断层滑动速率的约束

Table3 Constraints on the slip rates of the northern Zhongtiaoshan Fault

地貌面	废弃年代 /ka	海拔 /m	对应盆地地貌面海拔/m	坡降 /m	气候堆积误差 /m	盐湖南岸断层断距/m^①	垂直断距 /m	滑动速率 /mm·a^-1
T4	214.3±13.5	406.2	320.4	13.6	±3.8	5.1	67.1±6.7	0.31±0.05
T3	118.5±6.4	386.8	337.2	1.5	±1.5	1.9	40.4±3.2	0.34±0.04
洪积扇^②	24.7±0.2	383.6	370.3	0.7			18.4±1.0	0.75±0.05
唐县面^③	3 120±100.0	680	-104.7				784.7±10.0	0.25±0.01
夏县砾岩面^③	2 580±100.0	638.5	-62.6				701.1±10.0	0.27±0.01

图 7 中条山北麓断层垂直断距的获取红色圆圈代表Pz3钻孔的光释光年龄取样点(曾金艳等, 2020); 灰色阴影为T3、 T4阶地对应的沉积地层

Fig. 7 Acquisition of vertical displacements of the north Zhongtiao Shan Fault.

图 8 晚新生代以来中条山北麓断层的滑动速率变化

Fig. 8 Variation of the slip rates of the north Zhongtiao Shan Fault since the Late Cenozoic.

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中更新世晚期以来中条山北麓断层滑动速率研究

STUDY ON THE SLIP RATE OF THE NORTH ZHONGTIAO SHAN FAULT SINCE THE LATE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE

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