武威盆地第四纪沉积过程及其构造意义

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.01.006

地震地质 ›› 2022, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (1): 76-97.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2022.01.006

武威盆地第四纪沉积过程及其构造意义

何翔¹⁾^,²⁾^,³⁾(), 杜星星¹⁾^,^*(), 刘健¹⁾, 李艺豪¹⁾, 李群³⁾

1)中国地质科学院地质力学研究所, 自然资源部古地磁与古构造重建重点实验室, 北京 100081
2)中国石油化工股份有限公司西北油田分公司勘探开发研究院, 乌鲁木齐 830011
3)中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院, 长沙 410083

收稿日期:2021-01-06 修回日期:2021-07-21 出版日期:2022-02-20 发布日期:2022-04-20
通讯作者: 杜星星
作者简介:何翔, 男, 1995年生, 2021年于中南大学获地质资源地质工程专业硕士学位, 主要从事沉积盆地分析方面的研究, 电话: 18232182424, E-mail: 1593496879@qq.com。
基金资助:
中国地质调查局项目(DD20190018);中国地质调查局项目(DD20221644)

SEDIMENTARY PROCESS AND TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF WUWEI BASIN DURING THE QUATERNARY

HE Xiang¹⁾^,²⁾^,³⁾(), DU Xing-xing¹⁾^,^*(), LIU Jian¹⁾, LI Yi-hao¹⁾, LI Qun³⁾

1) MNR Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction, Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2) Institute of Exploration and Development of Northwest Branch, SINOPEC, Urumqi 830011, China
3) School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

Received:2021-01-06 Revised:2021-07-21 Online:2022-02-20 Published:2022-04-20
Contact: DU Xing-xing

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为查明第四纪以来武威盆地沉积过程和青藏高原东北缘隆升扩展特征, 文中采用沉积地层学和地层年代学方法, 对武威盆地的第四纪沉积地层进行研究。第四纪期间, 武威盆地沉积了下更新统玉门砾岩、中更新统酒泉砾石层和上更新统—全新统戈壁砾石层。早更新世, 玉门砾岩来源于祁连山, 沉积于武威盆地南部走廊南山区; 中更新世, 酒泉砾石来源于走廊南山区和武威盆地西北缘坟门山, 沉积于武威盆地北部断陷盆地沉积区; 晚更新世以来, 戈壁砾石来源于走廊南山区、坟门山和龙首山, 沉积于物源区周边地区。武威盆地及周边第四系的物源区和沉积区均呈现出自南向北发展的特征, 揭示了青藏高原东北缘隆升和向N扩展, 隆升时间南早北晚, 隆升强度南强北弱、西强东弱。

关键词: 武威盆地, 青藏高原东北缘, 第四纪, 砾石, 沉积过程, 高原隆升

Abstract:

The Wuwei Basin is located in the eastern part of the Hexi Corridor Basin group. It belongs to the frontier of uplift and expansion of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Quaternary sedimentary strata in the Wuwei Basin are hundreds of meters thick, which records the geological information of uplift and expansion of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the Quaternary period. In order to study the sedimentary process of the Wuwei Basin since Quaternary and the characteristics of the uplift and extension of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the sedimentary stratigraphy and stratigraphic chronology methods are applied to analyze the Quaternary sedimentary strata in the Wuwei Basin. Firstly, the Quaternary sedimentary sequence of the Wuwei Basin is established by studying the stratum characteristics and OSL ages of the Quaternary sedimentary strata. Secondly, through the analysis of the paleocurrent direction and zircon U-Pb isotopic age of the sedimentary gravel, the paleocurrent direction of different deposition periods and sediment source are restored. Finally, based on the above analysis, the sedimentary process of Quaternary strata in the Wuwei Basin and its response to the uplift and extension of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are discussed.
The Quaternary sedimentary strata in the Wuwei Basin are the lower Pleistocene Yumen conglomerate, the middle Pleistocene Jiuquan gravel bed and the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Gobi gravel bed from bottom to top. The Gobi gravel bed can be subdivided into the Upper Pleistocene gravel bed, the Upper Pleistocene-Holocene loess layer and the Holocene gravel bed. In the early Pleistocene, the Yumen conglomerate’s source material is mainly Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks. The main provenance area of the Yumen conglomerate is located in the Qilian Mountains south to the Wuwei Basin. The main sedimentary area of the Yumen conglomerate is located in the Zoulang Nan Shan located in the southern part of the Wuwei Basin and the southern part of the northern fault basin. In the middle Pleistocene, the Jiuquan gravel bed’s source material is mainly Cenozoic and Mesozoic rocks. In the early sedimentary stage of the Jiuquan gravel bed, the main provenance area is located in the Zoulang Nan Shan and the main sedimentary area is located in the northern part of Wuwei Basin. In the late sedimentary stage, the main provenance area of the Jiuquan gravel bed is located in the Zoulang Nan Shan and the Fenmen Mountain located in the northwestern margin of the Wuwei Basin, and the main sedimentary area is located in most of the northern fault basin and the surrounding area of the Fenmen Mountain. Since late Pleistocene, the Gobi gravel bed’s source material is mainly early Paleozoic rocks. The main provenance area of the Gobi gravel bed is located in the Zoulang Nan Shan, the Fenmen Mountain and the Longshou Mountain, and the main sedimentary area is located around the source area.
The uplift boundary of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau continued to expand towards the northeast direction. The uplift boundary was located in the Qilian Mountains south to the Wuwei Basin in the early Pleistocene. It extended northward to the Zoulang Nan Shan and the Fenmen Mountain in the middle Pleistocene, and reached the Longshou Mountain north to the Wuwei Basin in the late Pleistocene. The main provenance and sedimentary areas of the Quaternary sediments in the Wuwei Basin show the migration characteristics from south to north, which indicates the uplift and expansion of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The uplift time was early in the south and late in the north, and the uplift intensity was strong in the south and west and weak in the north and east.

Key words: Wuwei Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Quaternary, gravel, sedimentary process, plateau growth

中图分类号:

何翔, 杜星星, 刘健, 李艺豪, 李群. 武威盆地第四纪沉积过程及其构造意义[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(1): 76-97.

HE Xiang, DU Xing-xing, LIU Jian, LI Yi-hao, LI Qun. SEDIMENTARY PROCESS AND TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF WUWEI BASIN DURING THE QUATERNARY[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2022, 44(1): 76-97.

图/表 14

图 1 区域构造地貌简图(底图取自SRTM 90m DEM数据) a 河西走廊盆地群及周边构造地貌简图(改自张北航, 2016; 陈宣华等, 2019a); b 武威盆地及周边构造地貌简图(雷惊昊等, 2017); c 坟门山及周边构造地貌简图。QLNF(祁连山北缘断裂)、 KTSF(宽滩山南缘断裂)、 HLSF(合黎山南缘断裂)、 LSSF(龙首山南缘断裂)、 LSNF(龙首山北缘断裂)和PDSF(盆地南缘断裂)的断层时代属性依据中国地震局地质研究所“全国活动断层展示系统”的数据; FMNF(坟门山北缘断裂)和FMSF(坟门山南缘断裂)的断层时代属性依据本次调查结果

Fig. 1 Regional morphotectonic map(base map from SRTM 90m DEM).

图 2 河西走廊盆地群中的NE向构造剖面图 a PM-1 酒西盆地内的NE向构造剖面图(改自Fang et al., 2005); b PM-2 武威盆地内的NE向构造剖面图(改自石应骏等, 1995; 程晓敢, 2006)。QLNF 祁连山北缘断裂; MB2F 庙北2号断裂; KTSF 宽滩山南缘断裂; PDSF 盆地南缘断裂; LSSF 龙首山南缘断裂

Fig. 2 NE structural profile in the Hexi Corridor Basin group.

图 3 武威盆地第四系综合柱状图(据武二井资料绘制)

Fig. 3 Quaternary comprehensive stratigraphic column in the Wuwei Basin (drawing according to Wuwei No. 2 drilling data).

图 4 武威盆地地质简图

Fig. 4 Geological sketch of the Wuwei Basin.

表1 武威盆地第四纪沉积地层特征

Table 1 The characteristics of Quaternary sedimentary strata in the Wuwei Basin

沉积层	主要物源	主要砾级	胶结程度	分选性	主要磨圆度
砾石层⑤	下古生界	粗砾级	未胶结	差	棱角状
黄土层④			未胶结
砾石层③	下古生界	粗砾级	半胶结—未胶结	差	棱角状
砾石层②	新生界、中生界	中砾级	胶结—半胶结	中等偏好	次圆状
砾岩层①	中生界、古生界	粗砾级	胶结	中等偏差	次棱角状

图 5 武威盆地典型第四纪沉积地层的特征和界线照片 a 砾石层②与下伏古生代陆源碎屑岩的界线; b 黄土层④与下伏砾石层②的界线; c 砾石层③与下伏砾石层②的界线;d 砾石层⑤与下伏黄土层④的界线; e 黄土层④与下伏砾石层③的界线; f 砾岩层①与下伏中生代砂岩的界线

Fig. 5 Representative photos of Quaternary sedimentary strata and its boundaries in the Wuwei Basin.

表2 古水流方向的恢复方法

Table 2 The restoration method of paleocurrent direction

方法	依据
砾石定向排列法	砾石最大扁平面的倾向同古水流方向相反
砾石层沉积厚度法	砾石层厚度减薄的方向同古水流方向相同
砾石粒度法	砾石粒度减小的方向同古水流方向相同
砾石组分法	砾石相对母岩的方向同古水流方向相同
扇体展布法	扇体展布优势方向同古水流方向相同

表3 光释光样品的测年数据

Table 3 Data of optically stimulated luminescence samples

采样层位	样品编号	U/μg·g^-1	Th/μg·g^-1	环境剂量率 /Gy·ka^-1	等效剂量/Gy	校正年龄/ka
砾石层③	D6224-OSL-1	4.99±0.15	34.9±1.05	6.93±0.31	190.56±7.52	27.49±1.63
砾石层②	D3175-OSL-1	4.08±0.12	9.71±0.29	3.20±0.14	377.82±10.51	118.02±5.96

图 6 河西走廊盆地群的第四系沉积序列柱状图 a 酒西盆地内老君庙剖面的第四系柱状图(改自Fang et al., 2005); b 张掖-民乐盆地内的第四系柱状图(改自谭美娟, 2016);c 武威盆地内的第四系柱状图; d 武威盆地南缘的第四系柱状图

Fig. 6 Quaternary sedimentary sequence histogram in the Hexi Corridor Basin group.

图 7 武威盆地纵剖面统计区间的位置和古水流流向图(底图数据取自Google Earth)

Fig. 7 Longitudinal section statistical interval position and palaeocurrent flow chart in the Wuwei Basin(base map from Google Earth).

图 8 纵剖面统计区间内的酒泉砾石特征 a 统计区间内酒泉砾石层的典型剖面; b 统计区间砾石的最大扁平面倾向及其优势古水流方向; c 统计区间内a、 b轴砾径分布的散点图; d 统计区间内a、 b轴的砾径累积曲线

Fig. 8 Characteristics of Jiuquan gravel in statistical interval of vertical section.

图 9 古水流方向的判定依据 a 砾石组分占比图; b 砾径加权平均值图; c 粗砾级砾石与中砾级砾石的比值图; d 各砾级砾石占比图; e a、 b轴砾径中值图

Fig. 9 The determination basis of palaeocurrent direction.

图 10 坟门山北麓冲洪积扇的展布特征图 a 谷歌卫星地图; b 扇体展布和叠置关系图

Fig. 10 The distribution characteristics of alluvial fans at the northern foot of the Fenmen Mountain.

图 11 第四纪武威盆地的沉积过程示意图(资料参考石应骏等, 1995; 程晓敢, 2006) QLNF 祁连山北缘断裂; PDSF 盆地南缘断裂; FMNF 坟门山北缘断裂

Fig. 11 Sedimentary process diagram of the Wuwei Basin during the Quaternary (after SHI Ying-jun et al., 1995; CHENG Xiao-gan, 2006).

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武威盆地第四纪沉积过程及其构造意义

SEDIMENTARY PROCESS AND TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE OF WUWEI BASIN DURING THE QUATERNARY

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