玛多MS7.4 地表破裂带与东昆仑断裂温泉的水文地球化学特征

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.05.005

地震地质 ›› 2021, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (5): 1101-1126.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2021.05.005

• 云南漾濞6.4级地震与青海玛多7.4级地震研究专题 • 上一篇下一篇

玛多M_S7.4 地表破裂带与东昆仑断裂温泉的水文地球化学特征

路畅¹^,²⁾(), 周晓成²⁾^,^*(), 李营²⁾, 刘磊³⁾, 颜玉聪²⁾, 徐岳仁²⁾

1)中国地震局地球物理研究所, 北京 100081
2)中国地震局地震预测研究所, 中国地震局地震预测重点实验室, 北京 100036
3)青海省地震局, 西宁 810001

收稿日期:2021-06-15 修回日期:2021-07-21 出版日期:2021-10-20 发布日期:2021-12-06
通讯作者: 周晓成
作者简介:路畅, 男, 1993年生, 2016年于吉林大学获地质学专业学士学位, 现为中国地震局地球物理研究所固体地球物理专业在读博士研究生, 主要从事与地震、构造相关的水文与气体地球化学等研究, 电话: 15901252713, E-mail: cealuchang@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC1500501);国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1509203);国家自然科学基金(41673106);国家自然科学基金(42073063);国家自然科学基金(4193000170);中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务专项(2018IEF010104);中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务专项(2019CSES0104);中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务专项(2020IEF0604);中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务专项(2020IEF0703);中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务专项(2021IEF0602);中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务专项(2021IEF0101)

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND-WATER IN THE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF MADOI M_S7.4 EARTHQUAKE AND HOT SPRINGS IN THE EAST KUNLUN FAULT

LU Chang¹^,²⁾(), ZHOU Xiao-cheng²⁾^,^*(), LI Ying²⁾, LIU Lei³⁾, YAN Yu-cong²⁾, XU Yue-ren²⁾

1) Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China
2) Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China
3) Qinghai Earthquake Agency, Xining 810001, China

Received:2021-06-15 Revised:2021-07-21 Online:2021-10-20 Published:2021-12-06
Contact: ZHOU Xiao-cheng

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

泉水与地震活动密切相关, 断裂带内的泉水地下水可反映许多断裂内部的水-岩反应、构造活动等信息。2021年5月22日玛多县发生M_S7.4地震后1d, 从本次地震形成的地表破裂带内仍然在喷砂冒水的点和东昆仑断裂内的温泉采集了21个水化学样品, 以及4个震后喷砂冒水点中的砂土样品。文中分析了泉水及砂土的来源与特征, 讨论了地表破裂带与东昆仑断裂附近泉水的差异性。结果表明: 1)21个泉水的TDS范围为113.2~1 264.6mg/L, 水化学类型为Ca·Mg-HCO₃、 Ca·Mg·Na-HCO₃、 Ca-HCO₃、 Na·Ca·Mg-HCO₃·Cl、 Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃·SO₄、 Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃·SO₄和Ca·Na-HCO₃, 水-岩反应程度弱。2)地表破裂带内靠近震中的泉水存在异常氢同位素值(δD=-59‰), 且Na⁺、 Cl^-、$SO^{2-}_{4}$等离子出现高值。3)东昆仑断裂带附近泉水中的Li含量(最大值为2 014μg/L)远大于地表破裂带周围的泉水中的含量(6.56~43.0μg/L); 而地表破裂带周围泉水中的Pb、 Ba、 Cu、 Zn等金属微量元素更富集。4)泉水的来源为大气降水, 地表破裂带附近的泉水有周围水体混入, 东昆仑断裂带内的温泉水循环深度大, 断裂切割更深, 有更多深部元素的补给。未来对东昆仑断裂内温泉水文地球化学开展监测与深入研究, 对判断东昆仑断裂的地震危险性具有重要意义。文中在讨论震后水化学的响应以及巴颜喀拉中段水化学特征与来源的同时, 也填补了区域内地下水背景场的空缺。

关键词: 水文地球化学, 氢氧同位素, 微量元素, 东昆仑断裂, 玛多M_S7.4地震

Abstract:

Spring water is strongly related to earthquake, and groundwater within fault zone carries a large amount of information about the water-rock response and tectonic activity. Meanwhile, hydrogeochemical monitoring in the area of strong seismic activity could well obtain the precursor information related to earthquake. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the sources and characteristics of hydrogeochemistry in areas of strong earthquakes. The Bayankara Block is a rectangular active block in the east-central part of the Tibetan plateau. In recent years, the perimeter of the block is undergoing a period of moderate to strong seismic activity and has become the major area of seismicity in mainland China. However, due to the tough geological conditions surrounding the Madoi area, little has been reported on water chemistry, and the geochemical background fields have yet to be established and identified.
On 22 May 2021, an earthquake of M_S7.0 struck Madoi County, Qinghai Province, the largest magnitude earthquake in China since the 2017 Jiuzhaigou M_S7.4 earthquake. After the earthquake, a near NWW-SEE surface rupture zone was formed, with a rupture area of about 70km, along which tension fissures, sand liquefaction, sand blasting and water bubbling can be seen, and there are cold springs upwelling near the surface rupture zone. One day after the earthquake, 21 water chemistry samples were taken. They are the water bubbling from the earthquake rupture zone and the hot springs near the East Kunlun fault zone, as well as 4 sandy soil samples from post-earthquake sandblasting and water bubbling sites. The ordinary and minor ionic components of spring water and stable isotopes of δD, δ¹⁸O and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr were analyzed. Percentage of oxides in sand particles was also analyzed. The sources and characteristics of spring water and sandy soils were researched, and the differences between the groundwater in surface rupture zone and the geothermal water near the East Kunlun Fault are discussed. The results show that: 1)The range of TDS of the 21 springs is 113.2~1 264.6mg/L, pH values range from 7.6 to 8.3, conductivity ranges from 200.3 to 865.7μs/cm, and temperatures range from 3 to 49℃. The spring water samples near the surface rupture zone are all from cold springs(3 to 11℃). The degree of water-rock reaction is weak. The chemistry types of spring water are Ca·Mg-HCO₃, Ca·Mg·Na-HCO₃, Ca-HCO₃, Na·Ca·Mg-HCO₃·Cl, Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃·SO₄, Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃·SO₄ and Ca·Na-HCO₃. Calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate ions are the main ions of the spring. 2)The range of spring water average recharge elevation in the region is 0.8~2.8km. There is an abnormal hydrogen isotope value(δD=-59‰)in the spring water near the epicenter in the surface rupture zone, and Na⁺, Cl^-, $SO_{4}^{2-}$ and other ions have high values. 3)Overall, the springs do not contain high concentrations of elements such as Ca and Sr, and most elements have EF<1, which may be related to the weak degree of water-rock reaction in the springs. Lithium in springs near the East Kunlun fault zone(maximum value of 2 014μg/L)is much greater than in springs around the surface rupture zone(6.56~43.0μg/L); and metallic trace elements of Pb, Ba, Cu, and Zn are more enriched in springs around the surface rupture zone. 4)The source of the spring water is meteoric water, and the spring water near the surface rupture zone is mixed with the surrounding water, and the results of water temperature, γNa/γCl, and elements from mantle in the East Kunlun fault zone reveal that the hot spring water circulation is deeper in the East Kunlun fault zone, with faults cutting deeply and deeper elemental recharge. The Cl^- and(Na⁺+K⁺)concentrations in the spring near the surface rupture zone are significantly higher than those near the East Kunlun fault zone, where the springs are more enriched in δD and δ¹⁸O.
The hydrochemical characteristics and sources of the samples are discussed and the fluid geochemical differences between the two areas are compared, and the sources of the sand samples that emerged after the earthquake are analyzed. The paper concludes that it is of great significance for earthquake risk assessment of the East Kunlun Fault to carry out hydro-geochemical monitoring and further study of hot springs in the East Kunlun Fault in the future. The paper fills the gap of background groundwater data in the region, meanwhile, discusses the response of water chemistry after the earthquake and the characteristics and sources of water chemistry in the middle Bayan Kara block.

Key words: hydrogeochemistry, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, trace elements, Eastern Kunlun Fault, Madoi M_S7.4 earthquake

中图分类号:

P315.72⁺4

路畅, 周晓成, 李营, 刘磊, 颜玉聪, 徐岳仁. 玛多M_S7.4 地表破裂带与东昆仑断裂温泉的水文地球化学特征[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(5): 1101-1126.

LU Chang, ZHOU Xiao-cheng, LI Ying, LIU Lei, YAN Yu-cong, XU Yue-ren. HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND-WATER IN THE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF MADOI M_S7.4 EARTHQUAKE AND HOT SPRINGS IN THE EAST KUNLUN FAULT[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND EGOLOGY, 2021, 43(5): 1101-1126.

图/表 16

图 1 研究区及周边的大地震、活动断裂与采样点图 a 巴颜喀拉块体的地理位置及其周缘7级以上(1997年后)大地震分布(修改自Tapponnier et al., 2001); b 玛多地震及泉水、喷砂冒水采样点分布(断裂数据自邓起东等, 2003)

Fig. 1 Diagram showing big earthquakes, active faults and sampling points in the study region and its surrounding areas.

图 2 玛多7.4级地震后地表破裂带附近样品的野外采集 a、 b 震后砂土液化图, 比例尺12cm×28cm; c、 d 野外样品采集图

Fig. 2 Samples collection in the surface rupture zone after the MS7.4 earthquake in Madoi.

表1 泉水的离子组分、水化学类型和 87Sr/86Sr

Table1 Spring water ion composition, hydrochemistry type and 87Sr/86Sr

样品编号	T /℃	东经 /(°)	北纬 /(°)	pH	电导率 /μs· cm^-1	TDS /mg· L^-1	Na⁺ /mg· L^-1	K⁺ /mg· L^-1	Mg²⁺ /mg· L^-1	Ca²⁺ /mg· L^-1	Cl^- /mg· L^-1	$NO 3 -$ /mg· L^-1	$SO 4 2 -$ /mg· L^-1	$CO 3 2 -$ /mg· L^-1	HC $O 3 -$ /mg· L^-1	ib /%	⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr	水化学类型
MDW1	8	98.086	34.675	8.1	426.7	407.8	21.5	2.2	18.4	58.6	15.5	15.6	17.0	—	258.9	0.73	0.712 315	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW2	5	98.522	34.470	7.7	200.3	207.8	6.9	2.3	10.3	26.6	4.3	0.2	4.2	—	153.0	-1.66	0.711 197	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW3	5	98.262	34.634	8.1	865.2	847.7	51	4.1	40.0	125.3	32.8	3.4	78.2	—	512.8	1.95	0.711 292	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW4	8	98.018	34.694	8.3	560.4	467.0	38.3	2.2	24.8	59.3	21.8	13.7	32.9	31.7	242.4	0.62	0.711 293	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW5	8	98.006	34.695	8.2	521.3	475.3	33.5	2.2	20.2	62.7	18.6	5.8	26.2	—	306.0	0.44	0.711 326	Ca·Mg·Na-HCO₃
MDW6	5	97.932	34.718	8.3	639.9	649.3	38.3	3.0	28.1	94.4	25.8	12.1	67.9	—	379.7	0.63	0.710 724	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW7	6	97.625	34.750	8.2	440	447.2	16.0	2.2	13.7	75.0	14.0	3.0	16.3	—	306.9	-0.85	0.710 828	Ca-HCO₃
MDW8	6	98.830	34.542	8.1	656.8	595.6	24.9	6.5	49.2	62.3	24.6	—	7.4	22.8	397.9	0.82	0.710 879	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW9	11	98.466	34.466	8.2	716.4	522.2	59.4	3.3	31.3	54.5	74.9	0.5	34.2	38.2	225.8	0.58	0.710 748	Na·Ca·Mg-HCO₃·Cl
MDW10	3	98.432	34.572	8.1	339.8	325.0	10.7	2.4	21.9	37.3	8.1	3.2	9.7	—	221.7	0.39	0.711 77	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW11	5	98.233	34.643	8.2	464.8	429.6	23.1	2.0	19.8	62.7	15.8	7.7	17.7	29.3	241.5	-0.22	0.711 773	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW12	4.5	99.289	34.985	8.1	865.7	1071.1	18.3	2.1	44.1	145.4	31.1	5.4	207.5	67.0	397.0	0.45	0.708 718	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃·SO₄
MDW13	10	100.310	34.441	8.1	694.5	472.0	24.8	1.7	37.7	100.7	8.7	1.1	74.6	47.0	440.0	2.45	0.715 374	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃
MDW14	4.5	100.556	34.357	8.2	349.8	113.2	5.5	1.6	13.6	65.7	0.5	4.8	6.6	—	300.0	2.03	0.712 455	Ca·Na-HCO₃
MDW15	6.5	101.132	34.242	7.9	464.3	187.4	7.4	1.2	20.2	100.9	0.4	2.4	14.3	—	508.0	-0.56	0.718 426	Ca·Na-HCO₃
MDW16	9.5	101.488	34.182	7.8	470	165.0	6.5	1.5	9.8	124.3	2.2	8.6	5.2	—	497.0	1.01	0.707 998	Ca·Na-HCO₃
MDW17	9	102.266	34.015	8.0	460.2	141.2	5.2	0.8	19.9	95.5	0.5	4.0	4.8	—	406.0	3.97	0.708 728	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃
MDW18	4.5	102.389	34.024	7.9	509.4	140.3	9.4	1.3	26.8	100.9	1.1	—	0.9	—	574.0	-0.41	0.715 199	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃
MDW19	12	102.458	34.019	8.0	445.9	142.5	3.5	0.8	21.4	76.3	0.4	0.6	10.0	23.0	397.0	-0.72	0.708 887	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃
MDW20	28	102.680	34.035	8.0	441.2	149.3	4.0	1.4	17.9	86.7	0.3	0.7	10.0	24.0	432.0	-1.91	0.711 761	Ca·Na-HCO₃
MDW21	49	102.783	34.203	7.6	1201	1264.6	44.6	7.0	66.5	226.4	1.5	0.4	229.7	—	1083.0	-0.75	0.708 718	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃

表1 泉水的离子组分、水化学类型和 87Sr/86Sr

Table1 Spring water ion composition, hydrochemistry type and 87Sr/86Sr

样品编号	T /℃	东经 /(°)	北纬 /(°)	pH	电导率 /μs· cm^-1	TDS /mg· L^-1	Na⁺ /mg· L^-1	K⁺ /mg· L^-1	Mg²⁺ /mg· L^-1	Ca²⁺ /mg· L^-1	Cl^- /mg· L^-1	$NO 3 -$ /mg· L^-1	$SO 4 2 -$ /mg· L^-1	$CO 3 2 -$ /mg· L^-1	HC $O 3 -$ /mg· L^-1	ib /%	⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr	水化学类型
MDW1	8	98.086	34.675	8.1	426.7	407.8	21.5	2.2	18.4	58.6	15.5	15.6	17.0	—	258.9	0.73	0.712 315	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW2	5	98.522	34.470	7.7	200.3	207.8	6.9	2.3	10.3	26.6	4.3	0.2	4.2	—	153.0	-1.66	0.711 197	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW3	5	98.262	34.634	8.1	865.2	847.7	51	4.1	40.0	125.3	32.8	3.4	78.2	—	512.8	1.95	0.711 292	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW4	8	98.018	34.694	8.3	560.4	467.0	38.3	2.2	24.8	59.3	21.8	13.7	32.9	31.7	242.4	0.62	0.711 293	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW5	8	98.006	34.695	8.2	521.3	475.3	33.5	2.2	20.2	62.7	18.6	5.8	26.2	—	306.0	0.44	0.711 326	Ca·Mg·Na-HCO₃
MDW6	5	97.932	34.718	8.3	639.9	649.3	38.3	3.0	28.1	94.4	25.8	12.1	67.9	—	379.7	0.63	0.710 724	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW7	6	97.625	34.750	8.2	440	447.2	16.0	2.2	13.7	75.0	14.0	3.0	16.3	—	306.9	-0.85	0.710 828	Ca-HCO₃
MDW8	6	98.830	34.542	8.1	656.8	595.6	24.9	6.5	49.2	62.3	24.6	—	7.4	22.8	397.9	0.82	0.710 879	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW9	11	98.466	34.466	8.2	716.4	522.2	59.4	3.3	31.3	54.5	74.9	0.5	34.2	38.2	225.8	0.58	0.710 748	Na·Ca·Mg-HCO₃·Cl
MDW10	3	98.432	34.572	8.1	339.8	325.0	10.7	2.4	21.9	37.3	8.1	3.2	9.7	—	221.7	0.39	0.711 77	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW11	5	98.233	34.643	8.2	464.8	429.6	23.1	2.0	19.8	62.7	15.8	7.7	17.7	29.3	241.5	-0.22	0.711 773	Ca·Mg-HCO₃
MDW12	4.5	99.289	34.985	8.1	865.7	1071.1	18.3	2.1	44.1	145.4	31.1	5.4	207.5	67.0	397.0	0.45	0.708 718	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃·SO₄
MDW13	10	100.310	34.441	8.1	694.5	472.0	24.8	1.7	37.7	100.7	8.7	1.1	74.6	47.0	440.0	2.45	0.715 374	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃
MDW14	4.5	100.556	34.357	8.2	349.8	113.2	5.5	1.6	13.6	65.7	0.5	4.8	6.6	—	300.0	2.03	0.712 455	Ca·Na-HCO₃
MDW15	6.5	101.132	34.242	7.9	464.3	187.4	7.4	1.2	20.2	100.9	0.4	2.4	14.3	—	508.0	-0.56	0.718 426	Ca·Na-HCO₃
MDW16	9.5	101.488	34.182	7.8	470	165.0	6.5	1.5	9.8	124.3	2.2	8.6	5.2	—	497.0	1.01	0.707 998	Ca·Na-HCO₃
MDW17	9	102.266	34.015	8.0	460.2	141.2	5.2	0.8	19.9	95.5	0.5	4.0	4.8	—	406.0	3.97	0.708 728	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃
MDW18	4.5	102.389	34.024	7.9	509.4	140.3	9.4	1.3	26.8	100.9	1.1	—	0.9	—	574.0	-0.41	0.715 199	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃
MDW19	12	102.458	34.019	8.0	445.9	142.5	3.5	0.8	21.4	76.3	0.4	0.6	10.0	23.0	397.0	-0.72	0.708 887	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃
MDW20	28	102.680	34.035	8.0	441.2	149.3	4.0	1.4	17.9	86.7	0.3	0.7	10.0	24.0	432.0	-1.91	0.711 761	Ca·Na-HCO₃
MDW21	49	102.783	34.203	7.6	1201	1264.6	44.6	7.0	66.5	226.4	1.5	0.4	229.7	—	1083.0	-0.75	0.708 718	Ca·Na·Mg-HCO₃

表2 砂土颗粒的氧化物百分含量(wt%)

Table2 Percentage of oxides in sand particles(wt%)

样品编号	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂0₃	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	MnO	TiO₂	P₂O₅	烧失量	FeO
MDN01	82.38	6.00	2.05	0.645	2.750	1.39	0.982	0.030	0.340	0.065	3.36	1.06
MDN02	61.71	10.96	5.24	1.210	4.730	1.56	1.930	0.102	0.526	0.117	11.90	4.52
MDN03	88.28	5.35	1.77	0.514	0.410	1.31	0.798	0.011	0.217	0.042	1.29	1.20
MDN04	87.20	5.76	1.80	0.519	0.607	1.43	0.839	0.015	0.254	0.048	1.51	1.09

表3 泉水中的微量元素

Table3 Trace elements of spring water samples

样品编号	Ca /μg·L^-1	Mg /μg·L^-1	Ag /μg·L^-1	Al /μg·L^-1	Ba /μg·L^-1	Be /μg·L^-1	Cd /μg·L^-1	Co /μg·L^-1	Cr /μg·L^-1	Cu /μg·L^-1	Fe /μg·L^-1	Li /μg·L^-1	Mn /μg·L^-1
MDW1	123.0	25.1	0.017	2284.0	202.0	0.634	0.258	7.460	5.740	102.0	6.180	21.90	1 322.0
MDW2	27.4	10.4	0.022	82.8	176.0	0.097	0.082	0.226	2.300	86.5	0.232	6.56	14.8
MDW3	111.0	39.7	0.020	672.0	215.0	0.180	0.075	2.250	2.880	89.5	1.980	35.60	499.0
MDW4	53.0	24.8	0.007	40.8	29.7	0.072	0.030	0.275	1.320	79.9	0.128	21.00	14.1
MDW5	58.1	21.1	0.011	571.0	64.4	0.200	0.063	1.150	2.350	75.5	0.871	22.50	43.3
MDW6	110.0	30.3	0.020	1930.0	177.0	0.456	0.200	6.080	5.860	92.2	8.120	26.70	582.0
MDW7	68.7	14.3	0.009	191.0	209.0	0.106	0.086	0.753	1.700	83.1	2.000	15.30	255.0
MDW8	54.4	48.7	0.015	189.0	416.0	0.036	0.053	1.440	2.730	89.8	2.960	43.00	211.0
MDW9	51.0	30.9	0.006	216.0	100.0	0.092	0.037	0.389	1.810	77.4	0.492	27.20	39.5
MDW10	36.8	20.0	0.007	229.0	179.0	0.086	0.061	0.405	3.320	107.0	0.652	10.90	15.9
MDW11	60.9	20.7	0.003	342.0	95.3	0.143	0.030	1.060	2.010	76.4	1.710	16.90	87.7
MDW12	75.8	15.2	0.003	14.6	96.8	3.620	0.014	0.300	1.040	17.5	0.014	1 145.00	9.7
MDW13	64.2	6.1	<0.002	6.5	66.0	1.540	<0.002	0.295	0.867	21.1	0.062	1 324.00	117.0
MDW14	35.7	4.6	0.003	42.3	50.5	23.700	0.029	0.353	1.480	23.5	0.051	795.00	137.0
MDW15	12.7	1.0	<0.002	13.1	8.3	0.131	0.018	0.057	0.442	13.7	0.045	232.00	9.8
MDW16	37.7	3.4	<0.002	5.7	51.3	0.929	0.033	0.142	0.532	15.8	0.045	1 172.00	32.0
MDW17	443.0	56.5	0.005	36.9	33.2	0.725	0.038	1.520	0.635	18.9	0.039	200.00	32.4
MDW18	47.0	7.0	0.004	6.1	85.5	1.180	0.066	0.223	0.716	15.4	0.012	573.00	488.0
MDW19	53.9	8.4	0.003	10.9	107.0	6.220	0.041	0.231	1.220	18.8	0.137	1 631.00	75.5
MDW20	67.5	8.0	0.002	6.1	53.2	0.886	0.008	0.412	3.570	19.7	0.027	2 047.00	34.1
MDW21	336.0	30.7	0.003	2.0	29.9	0.683	0.049	1.600	1.650	25.8	0.023	217.00	139.0
样品编号	Mo /μg·L^-1	Ni /μg·L^-1	Pb /μg·L^-1	Sb /μg·L^-1	Sn /μg·L^-1	Sr /μg·L^-1	Th /μg·L^-1	Ti /μg·L^-1	Tl /μg·L^-1	U /μg·L^-1	V /μg·L^-1	Zn /μg·L^-1	B /μg·L^-1
MDW1	0.334	23.20	24.000	0.269	1.610	705	0.536	44.50	0.063	3.830	8.230	344.0	61.1
MDW2	0.308	4.05	1.740	0.203	1.390	249	0.013	1.64	0.007	1.230	0.556	334.0	42.2
MDW3	1.530	19.90	6.280	1.270	1.310	1043	0.207	12.90	0.017	14.300	3.970	346.0	219.0
MDW4	1.550	4.89	1.090	0.097	1.110	560	0.004	1.98	0.007	4.640	0.689	275.0	194.0
MDW5	0.506	6.48	3.760	0.194	1.160	568	0.066	7.83	0.013	3.270	1.640	302.0	165.0
MDW6	0.291	23.30	18.400	0.434	1.630	717	0.448	29.30	0.032	5.530	9.340	341.0	142.0
MDW7	1.000	7.34	2.510	0.425	1.470	438	0.065	5.30	0.005	2.190	1.210	306.0	63.1
MDW8	1.450	10.10	3.470	0.834	1.750	830	0.065	7.75	0.009	1.660	2.970	305.0	74.6
MDW9	0.806	8.63	2.800	0.230	1.350	488	0.014	3.96	0.009	2.180	2.080	279.0	203.0
MDW10	0.644	4.38	3.340	0.121	1.400	500	0.039	5.05	0.013	2.020	0.876	345.0	25.9
MDW11	0.463	5.79	4.410	0.173	1.230	489	0.072	5.77	0.007	3.670	2.170	288.0	114.0
MDW12	1.130	5.85	0.147	14.100	0.369	988	<0.002	10.50	1.210	6.740	6.350	80.2	2 029.0
MDW13	0.255	6.49	0.797	12.200	0.525	975	<0.002	8.19	0.201	0.139	0.554	136.0	1 483.0
MDW14	5.240	5.01	0.169	6.040	0.426	2396	0.003	9.58	0.271	0.259	1.040	83.9	4.2
MDW15	1.740	1.31	0.131	0.861	0.425	127	<0.002	6.02	0.010	0.529	0.402	50.0	215.0
MDW16	15.000	4.28	1.060	2.530	0.588	881	<0.002	11.40	0.525	0.078	0.605	62.9	852.0
MDW17	1.660	33.20	0.150	19.700	0.356	12534	0.002	4.87	0.053	0.386	0.288	106.0	8.7
MDW18	0.168	4.08	0.147	0.241	0.495	254	<0.002	12.00	0.030	0.159	0.725	79.7	70.7
MDW19	0.538	4.68	0.160	4.840	0.536	1364	0.009	11.80	1.060	0.203	0.970	75.1	2 385.0
MDW20	0.226	8.06	0.221	51.900	0.556	2754	<0.002	6.29	0.010	0.139	1.980	74.2	18 330.0
MDW21	1.040	23.50	0.117	0.464	0.434	9662	<0.002	3.77	0.087	0.405	10.500	218.0	64.0

表3 泉水中的微量元素

Table3 Trace elements of spring water samples

样品编号	Ca /μg·L^-1	Mg /μg·L^-1	Ag /μg·L^-1	Al /μg·L^-1	Ba /μg·L^-1	Be /μg·L^-1	Cd /μg·L^-1	Co /μg·L^-1	Cr /μg·L^-1	Cu /μg·L^-1	Fe /μg·L^-1	Li /μg·L^-1	Mn /μg·L^-1
MDW1	123.0	25.1	0.017	2284.0	202.0	0.634	0.258	7.460	5.740	102.0	6.180	21.90	1 322.0
MDW2	27.4	10.4	0.022	82.8	176.0	0.097	0.082	0.226	2.300	86.5	0.232	6.56	14.8
MDW3	111.0	39.7	0.020	672.0	215.0	0.180	0.075	2.250	2.880	89.5	1.980	35.60	499.0
MDW4	53.0	24.8	0.007	40.8	29.7	0.072	0.030	0.275	1.320	79.9	0.128	21.00	14.1
MDW5	58.1	21.1	0.011	571.0	64.4	0.200	0.063	1.150	2.350	75.5	0.871	22.50	43.3
MDW6	110.0	30.3	0.020	1930.0	177.0	0.456	0.200	6.080	5.860	92.2	8.120	26.70	582.0
MDW7	68.7	14.3	0.009	191.0	209.0	0.106	0.086	0.753	1.700	83.1	2.000	15.30	255.0
MDW8	54.4	48.7	0.015	189.0	416.0	0.036	0.053	1.440	2.730	89.8	2.960	43.00	211.0
MDW9	51.0	30.9	0.006	216.0	100.0	0.092	0.037	0.389	1.810	77.4	0.492	27.20	39.5
MDW10	36.8	20.0	0.007	229.0	179.0	0.086	0.061	0.405	3.320	107.0	0.652	10.90	15.9
MDW11	60.9	20.7	0.003	342.0	95.3	0.143	0.030	1.060	2.010	76.4	1.710	16.90	87.7
MDW12	75.8	15.2	0.003	14.6	96.8	3.620	0.014	0.300	1.040	17.5	0.014	1 145.00	9.7
MDW13	64.2	6.1	<0.002	6.5	66.0	1.540	<0.002	0.295	0.867	21.1	0.062	1 324.00	117.0
MDW14	35.7	4.6	0.003	42.3	50.5	23.700	0.029	0.353	1.480	23.5	0.051	795.00	137.0
MDW15	12.7	1.0	<0.002	13.1	8.3	0.131	0.018	0.057	0.442	13.7	0.045	232.00	9.8
MDW16	37.7	3.4	<0.002	5.7	51.3	0.929	0.033	0.142	0.532	15.8	0.045	1 172.00	32.0
MDW17	443.0	56.5	0.005	36.9	33.2	0.725	0.038	1.520	0.635	18.9	0.039	200.00	32.4
MDW18	47.0	7.0	0.004	6.1	85.5	1.180	0.066	0.223	0.716	15.4	0.012	573.00	488.0
MDW19	53.9	8.4	0.003	10.9	107.0	6.220	0.041	0.231	1.220	18.8	0.137	1 631.00	75.5
MDW20	67.5	8.0	0.002	6.1	53.2	0.886	0.008	0.412	3.570	19.7	0.027	2 047.00	34.1
MDW21	336.0	30.7	0.003	2.0	29.9	0.683	0.049	1.600	1.650	25.8	0.023	217.00	139.0
样品编号	Mo /μg·L^-1	Ni /μg·L^-1	Pb /μg·L^-1	Sb /μg·L^-1	Sn /μg·L^-1	Sr /μg·L^-1	Th /μg·L^-1	Ti /μg·L^-1	Tl /μg·L^-1	U /μg·L^-1	V /μg·L^-1	Zn /μg·L^-1	B /μg·L^-1
MDW1	0.334	23.20	24.000	0.269	1.610	705	0.536	44.50	0.063	3.830	8.230	344.0	61.1
MDW2	0.308	4.05	1.740	0.203	1.390	249	0.013	1.64	0.007	1.230	0.556	334.0	42.2
MDW3	1.530	19.90	6.280	1.270	1.310	1043	0.207	12.90	0.017	14.300	3.970	346.0	219.0
MDW4	1.550	4.89	1.090	0.097	1.110	560	0.004	1.98	0.007	4.640	0.689	275.0	194.0
MDW5	0.506	6.48	3.760	0.194	1.160	568	0.066	7.83	0.013	3.270	1.640	302.0	165.0
MDW6	0.291	23.30	18.400	0.434	1.630	717	0.448	29.30	0.032	5.530	9.340	341.0	142.0
MDW7	1.000	7.34	2.510	0.425	1.470	438	0.065	5.30	0.005	2.190	1.210	306.0	63.1
MDW8	1.450	10.10	3.470	0.834	1.750	830	0.065	7.75	0.009	1.660	2.970	305.0	74.6
MDW9	0.806	8.63	2.800	0.230	1.350	488	0.014	3.96	0.009	2.180	2.080	279.0	203.0
MDW10	0.644	4.38	3.340	0.121	1.400	500	0.039	5.05	0.013	2.020	0.876	345.0	25.9
MDW11	0.463	5.79	4.410	0.173	1.230	489	0.072	5.77	0.007	3.670	2.170	288.0	114.0
MDW12	1.130	5.85	0.147	14.100	0.369	988	<0.002	10.50	1.210	6.740	6.350	80.2	2 029.0
MDW13	0.255	6.49	0.797	12.200	0.525	975	<0.002	8.19	0.201	0.139	0.554	136.0	1 483.0
MDW14	5.240	5.01	0.169	6.040	0.426	2396	0.003	9.58	0.271	0.259	1.040	83.9	4.2
MDW15	1.740	1.31	0.131	0.861	0.425	127	<0.002	6.02	0.010	0.529	0.402	50.0	215.0
MDW16	15.000	4.28	1.060	2.530	0.588	881	<0.002	11.40	0.525	0.078	0.605	62.9	852.0
MDW17	1.660	33.20	0.150	19.700	0.356	12534	0.002	4.87	0.053	0.386	0.288	106.0	8.7
MDW18	0.168	4.08	0.147	0.241	0.495	254	<0.002	12.00	0.030	0.159	0.725	79.7	70.7
MDW19	0.538	4.68	0.160	4.840	0.536	1364	0.009	11.80	1.060	0.203	0.970	75.1	2 385.0
MDW20	0.226	8.06	0.221	51.900	0.556	2754	<0.002	6.29	0.010	0.139	1.980	74.2	18 330.0
MDW21	1.040	23.50	0.117	0.464	0.434	9662	<0.002	3.77	0.087	0.405	10.500	218.0	64.0

图 3 δD与δ18O的关系图 L1(全球大气降水线): δD=8δ18O+10(Craig, 1961);L2(玛多地区的大气降水线): δD=8.37δ18O+11.86(Ren et al., 2013)

Fig. 3 Relationship between δD and δ18O.

表4 氢氧同位素以及补给高程

Table4 H and O isotopes and supply elevation.

位置	样品编号	δD/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	式(2)	式(3)	式(4)	平均值/km
地表破裂带	MDW1	-90.3	-12.6	2.1	2.3	2.1	2.2
	MDW2	-75.1	-19.0	1.6	1.7	4.1	2.5
	MDW3	-79.1	-10.2	1.7	1.9	1.3	1.6
	MDW4	-87.4	-11.8	2.0	2.2	1.8	2.0
	MDW5	-89.4	-12.0.	2.1	2.3	1.9	2.1
	MDW6	-90.5	-12.3	2.1	2.3	2.0	2.1
	MDW7	-87.0	-12.0	2.0	2.2	1.9	2.0
	MDW8	-84.6	-10.1	1.9	2.1	1.3	1.8
	MDW9	-59.0	-7.3	1.1	1.1	0.4	0.8
	MDW10	-98.4	-13.0	2.4	2.6	2.2	2.4
	MDW11	-91.9	-12.6	2.2	2.4	2.1	2.2
东昆仑断裂带	MDW12	-88.2	-12.1	2.0	2.2	1.9	2.1
	MDW13	-82.1	-10.9	1.8	2.0	1.5	1.8
	MDW14	-87.0	-10.8	2.0	2.2	1.5	1.9
	MDW15	-79.7	-10.5	1.8	1.9	1.4	1.7
	MDW16	-87.0	-11.5	2.0	2.2	1.7	2.0
	MDW17	-96.6	-12.4	2.3	2.6	2.0	2.3
	MDW18	-106.2	-13.7	2.6	2.9	2.4	2.7
	MDW19	-104.7	-13.7	2.6	2.9	2.4	2.6
	MDW20	-99.6	-13.0	2.4	2.7	2.2	2.4
	MDW21	-107.3	-14.4	2.7	3.0	2.6	2.8

图 4 21个泉水的Piper三线图

Fig. 4 Piper diagrams of 21 spring waters.

图 5 离子毫克当量比值((Ca2++Mg2+)/( HC O 3 -+ C O 3 2 -))

Fig. 5 The ratios of milliequivalents of ions((Ca2++Mg2+)/( HCO 3 -+ CO 3 2 -)).

图 6 离子毫克当量比值(Ca2+/ SO 4 2 -)

Fig. 6 The ratios of milliequivalents of ions(Ca2+/ SO 4 2 -).

图 7 离子毫克当量比值(Na+/ Cl-)

Fig. 7 The ratios of milliequivalents of ions(Na+/ Cl-).

图 8 Na-K-Mg三角图解(底图据Giggenbach,1988)

Fig. 8 Na-K-Mg diagram(Base map is according to Giggenbach, 1988).

图 9 Sr浓度与 87Sr/ 86Sr 比值相关图

Fig. 9 Relationship between Sr concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr ratios.

图 10 温泉中微量元素分布归一化为Ti富集系数对比图

Fig. 10 Trace element distribution enrichment coefficient normalized to Ti in the springs water.

表5 采样点的震中距

Table5 Distance between sampling points and epicenter

地表破裂带附近泉水		东昆仑断裂带附近泉水
样品编号	震中距/km	样品编号	震中距/km
MDW1	25.1	MDW12	97.2
MDW2	21.4	MDW13	181.3
MDW3	8.6	MDW14	204.8
MDW4	31.6	MDW15	259.1
MDW5	32.7	MDW16	292.4
MDW6	40.0	MDW17	366.2
MDW7	67.8	MDW18	377.1
MDW8	45.2	MDW19	383.5
MDW9	18.0	MDW20	403.3
MDW10	8.6	MDW21	409.9
MDW11	11.5

图 11 地表破裂带附近泉水的化学组成与发震位置的关系

Fig. 11 Relationship between chemical composition of spring near the surface rupture zone and epicenter.

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玛多M_S7.4 地表破裂带与东昆仑断裂温泉的水文地球化学特征

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND-WATER IN THE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF MADOI M_S7.4 EARTHQUAKE AND HOT SPRINGS IN THE EAST KUNLUN FAULT

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玛多MS7.4 地表破裂带与东昆仑断裂温泉的水文地球化学特征

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND-WATER IN THE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF MADOI MS7.4 EARTHQUAKE AND HOT SPRINGS IN THE EAST KUNLUN FAULT

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玛多M_S7.4 地表破裂带与东昆仑断裂温泉的水文地球化学特征

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND-WATER IN THE SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF MADOI M_S7.4 EARTHQUAKE AND HOT SPRINGS IN THE EAST KUNLUN FAULT