2008年MS8.0汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害在映秀地区的演化特征

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2020.01.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

强烈的地震不仅能够在山岳地区触发大量的同震滑坡, 对震后灾区地质灾害的发育水平也存在重要影响。因此, 研究地震滑坡的演化特征对于强震区地质灾害防治具有重要作用。文中以2008年M_S8.0汶川地震震中附近受到强震扰动的映秀为研究区, 通过对该区域(面积约66km²)震前1期(2005年4月)、震后5期(2008年6月、 2011年4月、 2013年4月、 2015年5月和2017年5月)的高分辨率影像进行滑坡解译和编录, 借助GIS平台, 获取了高程、坡度、坡向、曲率、地层岩性、距最近水系的距离和距发震断裂的距离这7个主要因子的数据, 研究地震滑坡的长期演化特征; 同时, 应用相关分析方法对比了不同时期的滑坡活动性强度, 对该区域内汶川地震诱发的滑坡灾害的演化规律进行了研究。结果表明, 2008—2017年, 研究区内的滑坡总面积急剧减少, 同震滑坡面积从21.41km²降低到1.33km², 表明震后滑坡的灾害活动程度已经恢复或接近震前水平。整体而言, 研究区内滑坡的规模不断减小, 滑坡活动性随着时间减弱, 再活动滑坡和新增滑坡数量也相应减少。滑坡灾害体面积减少的区域主要集中在高程为1 000~2 100m、坡度为30°~55°、坡向为40°~180°、曲率为-2~2的区域。此外, 汶川地震映秀研究区中的彭灌杂岩体环境更利于滑坡的产生, 而沉积碎屑岩岩性更利于滑坡活动性的恢复。距最近水系的距离>1 600m时, 水系对滑坡的影响作用逐渐减小, 且研究区地震滑坡存在上盘效应, 即断裂西北地区的滑坡数量远多于东南一侧。

关键词: 强震区灾害, 演化规律, 汶川地震, 地震滑坡, 相关分析

Abstract:

Strong earthquakes can not only trigger a large number of co-seismic landslides in mountainous areas, but also have an important impact on the development level of geological hazards in the disaster area. Usually, geological hazards caused by strong earthquakes will significantly increase and continue for a considerable period of time before they recover to the pre-earthquake level. Therefore, studying the evolution characteristics of landslides triggered by earthquake is particularly important for the prevention of geological disaster. In this paper, a 66km² region in Yingxiu near the epicenter of the 2008 M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, which was strongly disturbed by the earthquake, was investigated. Firstly, one high-resolution satellite image before the earthquake(April, 2005)and five high-resolution satellite images after the earthquake(June, 2008; April, 2011; April, 2013; May, 2015; May, 2017)were used to interpret and catalog multi-temporal landslide inventories. Secondly, seven primary factors were analyzed in the GIS platform, including elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, stratum, lithology, and the distance from the nearest water system and the distance from seismogenic faults. Finally, the evolution of the landslide triggered by earthquake in this region was analyzed by comparing the landslide activity intensity in different periods, using the methods of correlation analysis, regression analysis, and single-factor statistical analysis. It was found that the total area of landslides in the study region decreased sharply from 2008 to 2017, with the area of the co-seismic landslide reducing from 21.41km² to 1.33km². This indicates that the magnitude of the landslides has recovered or is close to the pre-earthquake level. Moreover, correlation analysis shows that the elevation has a strong positive correlation with the distance from the nearest water system, and a weak positive correlation with the area. Meanwhile, there is a weak negative correlation between the distance from the nearest water system and the distance from seismogenic faults. Overall, the degree of landslide activity in the study region decreased over time, as well as the number of reactivated landslides and new landslides. The region where the area of earthquake triggered landslides decreased mainly concentrated at an elevation of 1 000m to 2 100m, a slope of 30° to 55°, an aspect of 40° to 180°, and a curvature of -2 to 2. In addition, the lithology of the Pengguan complex in the Yingxiu study region is more conducive to the occurrence of landslides, while the sedimentary rock is more conducive to the landslide recovery. When the distance from the nearest water system is more than 1 600m, the effect of the water system on the landslides gradually decreases. Also, the landslides triggered by Wenchuan earthquake in this area have the characteristics of the hanging wall effect, which means, the number of landslides in the northwestern region is much higher than that in the southeast side.

Key words: geohazard in strong earthquake area, evolution pattern, Wenchuan earthquake, earthquake-triggered landslides, correlation analysis

中图分类号:

P315.2

兰剑, 陈晓利. 2008年M_S8.0汶川地震诱发滑坡灾害在映秀地区的演化特征[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(1): 125-146.

LAN Jian, CHEN Xiao-li. EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY 2008 M_S8.0 WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE IN YINGXIU AREA[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2020, 42(1): 125-146.

图/表 21

图 1 构造背景图

Fig. 1 Geological structure background map.

图 2 映秀研究区地质图

Fig. 2 Geological map of Yingxiu area.

表1 各期遥感影像的基本信息

Table1 Basic information of remote sensing images in each period

日期	影像来源	分辨率/m
2005年6月26日	Quick Bird	2.4
2008年6月	Aerial Photo	2.5
2011年4月26日	WorldView-2	2
2013年4月13日	Pleiades	2
2015年5月15日	Spot5	2.5
2017年5月1日	Google Earth

图 3 多期滑坡编录图

Fig. 3 Multi-temporal landslide inventory.

表2 滑坡活动性等级

Table2 Levels of landslide activity

滑坡活动性等级	定义
A₁	再活动面积小于上期滑坡的1/3
A₂	再活动面积大于上期滑坡的1/3、小于2/3
A₃	再活动面积大于上期滑坡的2/3
A₀	无可识别的滑坡活动, 可能为处于休眠期的滑坡体

图 4 2011年滑坡活动性等级分布图

Fig. 4 Distribution map of landslides activity levels in 2011.

图 5 量纲-频率分析流程图

Fig. 5 Flow chart of magnitude-frequency analysis.

表3 多期滑坡编录图信息汇总

Table3 Summary of multi-temporal landslide inventory

年份	活动滑坡和新滑坡						休眠期滑坡体
	总数量/个	数量				总面积/km²	数量/个	面积/km²
		A₁	A₂	A₃	新滑坡
2005	8					0.11
2008	304					21.41
2011	235	75	51	74	35	9.25	76	1.88
2013	190	43	50	79	18	5.20	67	1.21
2015	152	25	31	72	24	2.87	38	0.26
2017	99	21	35	32	11	1.33	67	0.47

表4 2008年的相关性分析结果

Table4 Correlation analysis of 2008

影响因子	相关性参数	面积	高程/m	坡度	坡向	曲率	距最近水系距离
高程	R	0.244
	p	0.000
坡度	R	0.044^*	0.290
	p	0.449^*	0.000
坡向	R	-0.136	-0.301	-0.105^*
	p	0.017	0.000	0.067^*
曲率	R	-0.012^*	0.175	0.257	0.045^*
	p	0.831^*	0.002	0.000	0.430^*
距最近水系的距离	R	0.023^*	0.522	0.087^*	-0.161	-0.040^*
	p	0.691^*	0.000	0.128^*	0.005	0.485^*
距发震断裂的距离	R	0.080^*	0.306	0.065^*	-0.106^*	0.015^*	-0.172
	p	0.166^*	0.000	0.257^*	0.064^*	0.789^*	0.003

图 6 线性拟合结果

Fig. 6 Linear fitting results.

图 7 5期滑坡编目频率密度和概率密度分布图

Fig. 7 Frequency density(a)and probability density(b)of multi-temporal inventory of 5 years.

图 8 震后4期滑坡活动性等级频率分布图

Fig. 8 Frequency density of landslides activity levels after earthquake.

图 9 滑坡分布与高程的演化特征图

Fig. 9 Evolution characteristics of landslide distribution and elevation.

图 10 滑坡分布与坡度的演化特征图

Fig. 10 Evolution characteristics of landslide distribution and slope.

图 11 滑坡分布与坡向的演化特征图

Fig. 11 Evolution characteristics of landslide distribution and aspect.

图 12 滑坡分布与曲率的演化特征图

Fig. 12 Evolution characteristics of landslide distribution and curvature.

图13 G213旁滑坡航拍图(a)和部分滑坡体(b)

Fig. 13 Aerial photography of G213 side landslide(a)and partial landslide body(b).

图 14 滑坡分布与岩性的演化特征图

Fig. 14 Evolution characteristics of landslide distribution and lithology.

图 15 滑坡堆积体使河道变窄(a)及废弃的老河道(b)

Fig. 15 Landslide deposits narrow the river(a)and abandoned old river(b).

图 16 滑坡分布与水系的演化特征图

Fig. 16 Evolution characteristics of landslide distribution and rivers.

图 17 滑坡分布与断裂的演化特征图

Fig. 17 Evolution characteristics of landslide distribution and faults.

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