祁连山北缘佛洞庙-红崖子断裂胡家台背斜区构造变形——1609年M7 1/4红崖子地震构造样式

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2018.05.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 佛洞庙-红崖子断裂是祁连山北缘断裂带中构造活跃的断裂之一，断裂东段胡家台背斜区发育多种类型的构造，且部分断裂被证实在1609年M7 1/4红崖子地震中发生破裂，但复杂的地表破裂特征所反映的深部发震构造样式还不清楚。因此，文中选取了佛洞庙-红崖子断裂东段胡家台背斜区及附近多组活动构造为研究对象，利用差分GPS对变形的河流阶地、洪积扇等进行测量，并对背斜核部出露的地质剖面进行了实测，获得了不同类型构造的活动特征。结合已有穿过背斜的地震反射剖面，构建构造地貌与深部结构之间的对应关系，从而探讨地震的发震构造样式。研究表明，背斜区发育了胡家台背斜以及多条逆断裂或逆-走滑断裂，背斜为祁连山北麓逆断裂向N逆冲扩展形成，并伴随形成背斜东侧1条逆冲兼右旋走滑断裂和北侧另1条逆断裂，这些逆断裂或逆-走滑断裂为调节局部构造应变差异而产生。黄草坝探槽结果表明，1609年红崖子地震破裂了黄草坝T₁阶地；再结合前人关于此次地震的野外考察和文献资料考证，认为1609年M7 1/4红崖子地震发生在祁连山山麓逆断裂上，地震至少破裂了NWW向山前F₁、胡家台背斜东侧NNW向F₂和EW向F₃断裂，震源深度可能为8～22km。

关键词: 马营河, 胡家台背斜, 祁连山北麓断裂, 红崖子地震, 发震构造样式

Abstract: The Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault (FHF)is one of the most active faults of the northern Qilian thrust fault zone. The 1609 Hongyazi M7 1/4 earthquake occurred on the east segment of the FHF, an area with a complex geometry at the Mayinghe River site. The seismogenic pattern of this earthquake revealed by complex surface ruptures remains unclear. In this paper, we focus on active tectonic deformation around the Hujiatai anticline (HA)in the Mayinghe River site. Combining with topographic survey via dGPS across deformed terraces and alluvial fans, a field survey of the geological section across the HA, the characteristics of the active fold and several sub-faults were constrained. Meanwhile, combined with the seismic reflection profiles passing through the anticline, the correspondence relationship between surface expressions of this tectonic and the deep structure was discussed. According to our research, the HA is a result of northward propagation of the range-front thrust fault F₁. At the same time, a thrust fault F₂ with dextral strike-slip motion and a thrust fault F₄ were formed on the east side and north side of the HA, respectively. These two active faults accommodated local deformation. Trench results and ¹⁴C dating reveal that the 1609 Hongyazi M7 1/4 earthquake ruptured the T₁ terrace in the Huangcaoba site. Combined with previous field investigations and literature about the 1609 Hongyazi earthquake, we suggest that this earthquake occurred on the range-front fault F₁, and the depth of the hypocenter may be about 8~22km.

Key words: Mayinghe River, Hujiatai anticline, northern Qilian thrust fault zone, Hongyazi historical earthquake, seismogenic pattern

中图分类号:

P315.2

杨海波, 杨晓平, 黄雄南, 胡宗凯. 祁连山北缘佛洞庙-红崖子断裂胡家台背斜区构造变形——1609年M7 1/4红崖子地震构造样式[J]. 地震地质, 2018, 40(5): 980-998.

YANG Hai-bo, YANG Xiao-ping, HUANG Xiong-nan, HU Zong-kai. LATE QUATERNARY TECTONIC DEFORMATION AROUND THE HUJIATAI ANTICLINE ALONG THE EAST SEGMENT OF THE FODONGMIAO-HONGYAZI FAULT, NORTHERN QILIAN SHAN: AN INSIGHT ON THE SEISMOGENIC PATTERN OF 1609 HONGYAZI M7 1/4 EARTHQUAKE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(5): 980-998.

参考文献

曹娜. 2010. 1609年红崖堡7.25级地震和180年表氏7.5级地震考证研究［D］. 兰州:中国地震局兰州地震研究所.
CAO Na. 2010. Researches in the 1609 M7.25 Hongyabao earthquake and the AD180 M7.5 earthquake［D］. Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou(in Chinese).
陈永明, 赵广堃, 马尔曼, 等. 2003. 2002年玉门5.9级地震的震害特征及发震断裂［J］. 中国地震, 19(4):431-436.
CHEN Yong-ming, ZHAO Guang-kun, MA Er-man, et al. 2003. The characteristics of earthquake hazard and causative fault of the 2002 Yumen earthquake(M_S=5.9)［J］. Earthquake Research in China, 19(4):431-436(in Chinese).
国家地震局地质研究所, 国家地震局兰州地震研究所. 1993. 祁连山-河西走廊活动断裂系［M］. 北京:地震出版社.
Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, Lanzhou Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau. 1993. The Qilian Mountain-Hexi Corridor Active Fault System［M］. Seismological Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
何文贵, 郑文俊, 赵广堃, 等. 2004. 2002年12月14日甘肃玉门5.9级地震的发震构造研究［J］. 地震地质, 26(4):688-697.
HE Wen-gui, ZHENG Wen-jun, ZHAO Guang-kun, et al. 2004. Study on the seismogenic structure of the Yumen, Gansu Province M_S5.9 earthquake of December 14, 2002［J］. Seismology and Geology, 26(4):688-697(in Chinese).
李涛, 陈杰, 黄明达, 等. 2009. 逆断层型地震地表破裂带滑动矢量计算方法探讨:以汶川地震为例［J］. 第四纪研究, 29(3):525-534.
LI Tao, CHEN Jie, HUANG Ming-da, et al. 2009. Methods to calculating slip vectors of reverse-fault earthquake surface rupture:A case study in Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Quaternary Science, 29(3):525-534(in Chinese).
李有利. 1994. 河西走廊中段挤压构造地貌形成机制与演化模式［D］. 北京:北京大学.
LI You-li. 1994. Mechanism and evolution of tectonic landforms in the middle Hexi Corridor［D］. Peking University, Beijing(in Chinese).
刘小凤, 肖丽珠. 2003. 2002年12月14日玉门5.9级地震活动及序列特征［J］. 华南地震, 23(2):31-39.
LIU Xiao-feng, XIAO Li-zhu. 2003. Characteristics of seismic activity and sequence before the Yumen earthquake with M5.9 on Nov 14, 2002［J］. South China Journal of Seismology, 23(2):31-39(in Chinese).
刘兴旺, 雷中生, 袁道阳, 等. 2011. 1609年甘肃红崖堡7 1/4 级地震考证［J］. 西北地震学报, 33(2):143-148.
LIU Xing-wang, LEI Zhong-sheng, YUAN Dao-yang, et al. 2011. Textual research on the Hongyapu M7 1/4 earthquake in 1609［J］. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 33(2):143-148(in Chinese).
刘兴旺, 袁道阳, 何文贵. 2014. 祁连山北缘佛洞庙-红崖子断裂古地震特征初步研究［J］. 震灾防御技术, 9(3):411-419.
LIU Xing-wang, YUAN Dao-yang, HE Wen-gui. 2014. Preliminary study of paleo-earthquakes on the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault in the north margin of Qilian Mountain［J］. Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, 9(3):411-419(in Chinese).
刘兴旺, 袁道阳, 郑文俊, 等. 2012. 祁连山北缘佛洞庙-红崖子断裂晚第四纪滑动速率研究［J］. 地质科学, 47(1):51-61.
LIU Xing-wang, YUAN Dao-yang, ZHENG Wen-jun, et al. 2012. Research on late Quaternary slip rates of the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault at the north margin of Qilianshan Mountains［J］. Chinese Journal of Geology, 47(1):51-61(in Chinese).
闵子群, 吴戈, 江在熊, 等. 1995. 中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪-公元1911年)［Z］. 北京:地震出版社.
MIN Zi-qun, WU Ge, JIANG Zai-xiong, et al. 1995. The Catalogue of Chinese Historical Strong Earthquakes from the 23rd Century BC to 1911 AD［M］. Seismological Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
杨海波, 杨晓平, 黄雄南, 等. 2016. 移动摄影测量数据与差分GPS数据的对比分析:以祁连山北麓洪水坝河东岸断层陡坎为例［J］. 地震地质, 38(4):1030-1046. doi:10.3909/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.04.018.
YANG Hai-bo, YANG Xiao-ping, HUANG Xiong-nan, et al. 2016. Data comparative analysis between SfM data and GPS data:A case study from fault scarp in the east bank of Hongshuiba River, northern margin of the Qilian Shan［J］. Seismology and Geology, 38(4):1030-1046(in Chinese).
杨海波, 杨晓平, 黄雄南. 2017. 祁连山北缘断裂带中段晚第四纪活动速率初步研究［J］. 地震地质, 39(1):20-42. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.01.002.
YANG Hai-bo, YANG Xiao-ping, HUANG Xiong-nan. 2017. A preliminary study about slip rate of middle segment of Northern Qilian Shan Fault since Late Quaternary［J］. Seismology and Geology, 39(1):20-42(in Chinese).
郑文俊. 2009. 河西走廊及其邻区活动构造图像及构造变形模式［D］. 北京:中国地震局地质研究所.
ZHENG Wen-jun. 2009. Geometric pattern and active tectonics of the Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions［D］. Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing(in Chinese).
Allen M B, Walters R J, Song S G, et al. 2017. Partitioning of oblique convergence coupled to the fault locking behavior of fold-and-thrust belts:Evidence from the Qilian Shan, northeastern Tibetan plateau［J］. Tectonics, 36(9):1679-1698.
Fang X, Zhao Z, Li J, et al. 2005. Magnetostratigraphy of the late Cenozoic Laojunmiao anticline in the northern Qilian Mountains and its implications for the northern Tibetan plateau uplift［J］. Science in China(Ser D), 48(7):1040-1051.
Gan W J, Zhang P Z, Shen Z K, et al. 2007. Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan plateau inferred from GPS measurements［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 112(B8):B08416.
Gao R, Li P, Li Q, et al. 2001. Deep process of the collision and deformation on the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau:Revelation from investigation of the deep seismic profiles［J］. Science in China(Ser D), 44(1):71-78.
Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P, Meyer B, et al. 1995. Partitioning of crustal slip between linked, active faults in the eastern Qilian Shan, and evidence for a major seismic gap, the ‘Tianzhu gap’, on the western Haiyuan Fault, Gansu (China)［J］. Geophysical Journal International, 120(3):599-645.
Hetzel R, Niedermann S, Tao M, et al. 2006. Climatic versus tectonic control on river incision at the margin of NE Tibet:¹⁰Be exposure dating of river terraces at the mountain front of the Qilian Shan［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111:F03012.
Li T, Chen J, Thompson J A, et al. 2013. Quantification of three-dimensional folding using fluvial terraces:A case study from the Mushi anticline, northern margin of the Chinese Pamir［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 118(8):4628-4647.
Meyer B, Tapponnier P, Bourjot L, et al. 1998. Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai, lithospheric mantle subduction, and oblique, strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau［J］. Geophysical Journal International, 135(1):1-47.
Molnar P, Brown E T, Burchfiel B C, et al. 1994. Quaternary climate change and the formation of river terraces across growing anticlines on the north flank of the Tien Shan, China［J］. The Journal of Geology, 102(5):583-602.
Saint-Carlier D, Charreau J, Lavé J, et al. 2016. Major temporal variations in shortening rate absorbed along a large active fold of the southeastern Tianshan piedmont(China)［J］. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 434:333-348.
Suppe J, Medwedeff D A. 1990. Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding［J］. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 83(3):409-454.
Tapponnier P, Meyer B, Avouac J P, et al. 1990. Active thrusting and folding in the Qilian Shan, and decoupling between upper crust and mantle in northeastern Tibet［J］. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 97(3):382-403.
Wang H, Ran, Y, Chen L, et al. 2010. Determination of horizontal shortening and amount of reverse-faulting from trenching across the surface rupture of the 2008 M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China［J］. Tectonophysics, 491(1):10-20.
Xu X, Yeats R S, Yu G. 2010. Five short historical earthquake surface ruptures near the Silk Road, Gansu Province, China［J］. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2):541-561.
Yang H B, Yang X P, Li A, et al. 2018. New constraints on slip rate of the Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault in the northern Qilian Shan, NE Tibet, from the¹⁰ Be exposure dating of offset terraces［J］. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Under review,151:131-147.
Zhang P Z, Shen Z, Wang M, et al. 2004. Continuous deformation of the Tibetan plateau from global positioning system data［J］. Geology, 32(9):809-812.
Zielke O, Arrowsmith J R, Ludwig L G, et al. 2010. Slip in the 1857 and earlier large earthquakes along the Carrizo Plain, San Andreas Fault［J］. Science, 327:1119-1122.
Zuza A V, Cheng X, Yin A. 2016. Testing models of Tibetan plateau formation with Cenozoic shortening estimates across the Qilian Shan-Nan Shan thrust belt［J］. Geosphere, 12(2):501-532.

[1]	杨晨艺, 李晓妮, 冯希杰, 黄引弟, 裴跟弟. 秦岭北缘断裂带的重要分支——桃川-户县断层的浅部结构与第四纪活动性[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 464-483.
[2]	黎益仕. 活动断层探测综合标准化[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 455-463.
[3]	张玲, 苗树清, 杨晓平. 基于ArcGIS平台的天山北麓活动逆断层智能化提取方法的研究与实现[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 422-434.
[4]	蒋锋云, 季灵运, 朱良玉, 刘传金. 联合GPS和InSAR研究海原-六盘山断裂现今的地壳变形特征[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 377-400.
[5]	王辽, 谢虹, 袁道阳, 李智敏, 薛善余, 苏瑞欢, 文亚猛, 苏琦. 结合野外考察的2022年门源M_S6.9地震地表破裂带的高分七号影像特征[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 401-421.
[6]	刘庆, 刘韶, 张世民. 大凉山断裂带中段越西断裂晚第四纪古地震[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 321-337.
[7]	赵朋, 李军辉, 陶月潮, 疏鹏, 方震. 郯庐断裂带女山湖北侧探槽的新活动现象及讨论[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 338-354.
[8]	左玉琦, 杨海波, 杨晓平, 詹艳, 李安, 孙翔宇, 胡宗凯. 阿拉善地块南缘北大山断裂的晚第四纪构造活动证据[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 355-376.
[9]	李晓妮, 杨晨艺, 李高阳, 冯希杰, 黄引弟, 李陈侠, 李苗, 裴跟弟, 王万合. 渭河盆地东南缘渭南塬前北侧分支断层的浅部结构及晚第四纪活动[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 484-499.
[10]	刘白云, 赵莉, 刘云云, 王文才, 张卫东. 2021年5月22日青海玛多M7.4地震余震重新定位与断层面参数拟合[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 500-516.
[11]	赵德政, 屈春燕, 张桂芳, 龚文瑜, 单新建, 朱传华, 张国宏, 宋小刚. 基于InSAR技术的同震形变获取、地震应急监测和发震构造研究应用进展[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 570-592.
[12]	李安, 万波, 王晓先, 计昊旻, 索锐. 金州断裂盖州北鞍山段古地震破裂的新证据[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(1): 111-126.
[13]	郑海刚, 姚大全, 赵朋, 杨源源, 黄金水. 郯庐断裂带赤山段全新世新活动的特征[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(1): 127-138.
[14]	田一鸣, 杨卓欣, 王志铄, 石金虎, 张扬, 谭雅丽, 张建志, 宋威, 季通宇. 新乡-商丘断裂封丘段浅部探测和第四纪活动性的初步研究[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(1): 139-152.
[15]	杨建文, 金明培, 茶文剑, 张天继, 叶泵. 利用接收函数两步反演法研究小江断裂带及邻区地壳S波速度结构[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(1): 190-207.