广西灵山1936年6(3/4)级地震地表破裂带新发现

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.04.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 1936年4月1日广西灵山发生6（3/4）级地震（灵山地震），为华南沿海地震带内陆地区自有地震记载以来发生的最大地震；目前为止，未见与该地震有关的地表破裂报道和研究。在防城-灵山断裂带NE段寨圩断裂高塘-夏塘-六蒙、蕉根坪-合口等地新发现至今依然保留完好的地震地表破裂带，在华南中强震构造区尚属首次。野外调查表明，该地震地表破裂带全长约12.5km，在罗阳山前总体呈NE向展布，主要表现为地震陡坎、张裂缝、右旋错移冲沟水系等，地表破裂特征及断错地貌情况显示出该地震地表破裂性质为右旋走滑兼正断。探槽揭露该断裂至少存在3次地震事件，其中2次为古地震事件，最新1次为灵山6（3/4）级地震。这次地震地表破裂带的发现，对灵山地震发震构造的探测具有重要的科学意义。

关键词: 灵山6(3/4)级地震, 地震地表破裂, 防城-灵山断裂, 寨圩断裂, 探槽

Abstract: On April 1, 1936, an M6(3/4) earthquake occurred on the Fangcheng-lingshan Fault. This event is the biggest historical earthquake on the coastal seismic zone, South China ever. But so far, no any findings about the surface rupture of this event have been reported. This paper is the first to find several intact surface rupture zones associated with the 1936 Lingshan seismic event, in the areas of Gaotang, Jiaogengping etc. on the northeast segment of the Fangcheng-Lingshan Fault. According to the field work, the surface rupture stretches to 10km and distributes along NE direction in front of Luoyang Mountain, represented by earthquake scarp, extensional fracture, dextrally faulted gully and river system etc. The characteristics of surface ruptures and faulted landforms indicate that the surface rupture is of normal-dextral strike slip faulting. The trenching on this fault exposed that at least three seismic events have been recorded, including two historical earthquake events and the latest one is the 1936 Lingshan M6(3/4) earthquake. These surface rupture zones are the key to the detection of seismogenic structure and the re-estimate of magnitude of this event. The new finding of these surface rupture zones would be particularly significant for the detection of the seismogenic structure of Lingshan M6(3/4) earthquake.

Key words: the 1936 Lingshan M6(3/4) earthquake, surface rupture, the Fangcheng-Lingshan Fault, the Zhaixu Fault, trenching

中图分类号:

P315.2

李细光, 李冰溯, 潘黎黎, 聂冠军, 吴教兵, 陆俊宏, 严小敏, 李志勇. 广西灵山1936年6(3/4)级地震地表破裂带新发现[J]. 地震地质, 2017, 39(4): 689-698.

LI Xi-guang, LI Bing-su, PAN Li-li, NIE Guan-jun, WU Jiao-bing, LU Jun-hong, YAN Xiao-min, LI Zhi-yong. A NEW FINDING OF SURFACE RUPTURE ZONES ASSOCIATED WITH THE 1936 LINGSHAN M6(3/4) EARTHQUAKE, GUANGXI, CHINA[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2017, 39(4): 689-698.

参考文献

陈国达. 1939. 广东灵山地震志[J]. 两广地质调查所特刊, 17:1-100. CHEN Guo-da. 1939. The Lingshan earthquake on April 1, 1936:Geological investigation in Kwangtung and Kwangsi[J]. Special Publication of the Institute of Geological Investigation in Guangdong and Guangxi, 17:1-100(in Chinese).
陈立春, 王虎, 冉勇康, 等. 2010. 玉树M_S7.1地震地表破裂与历史大地震[J]. 科学通报, 55(13):1200-1205. CHEN Li-chun, WANG Hu, RAN Yong-kang, et al. 2010. The M_S7.1 Yushu earthquake surface rupture and large historical earthquakes on the Garze-Yushu Fault[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55(31):3504-3509.
程丰, 李德威, Bartholomew J, 等. 2012. 玉树地震地表破裂特征及其破裂方式[J]. 大地构造与成矿学, 36(1):69-75. doi:10.16539/j.ddgzyckx.2012.01.014. CHENG Feng, LI De-wei, Bartholomew J, et al. 2012. Characteristics and patterns of surface ruptures caused by the Yushu earthquake[J]. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 36(1):69-75(in Chinese).
邓起东, 于贵华, 叶文华. 1992. 地震地表破裂参数与震级关系的研究[M]//国家地震局地质研究所. 活动断裂研究(2). 北京:地震出版社:247-264. DENG Qi-dong, YU Gui-hua, YE Wen-hua. 1992. Relationship between earthquake magnitude and parameters of surface ruptures associated with historical earthquake[M]//Institute of Geology, SSB. Research of Active Fault (2). Seismological Press, Beijing:247-264(in Chinese).
董瑞树, 周庆, 陈晓利, 等. 2009. 1631年湖南省常德地震的再考证[J]. 地震地质, 31(1):162-173. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2009.01.015. DONG Rui-shu, ZHOU Qing, CHEN Xiao-li, et al. 2009. The re-verification of Changde, Hunan, earthquake in 1631[J]Seismology and Geology, 31(1):162-173(in Chinese).
冀战波, 赵翠萍, 王琼, 等. 2014. 2008年3月21日新疆于田M_S7.3地震破裂过程研究[J]. 地震学报, 36(3):339-349. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-3782.2014.03.001. JI Zhan-bo, ZHAO Cui-ping, WANG Qiong, et al. 2014. Source rupture process of Yutian, Xinjiang, M_S7.3 earthquake on 21 March 2008[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 36(3):339-349(in Chinese).
李海兵, 戚学祥, 朱迎堂, 等. 2004. 2001年东昆仑地震(M_S=8.1)不对称的同震地表破裂构造:单侧块体运动为主及青藏高原内部物质向东滑移的证据[J]. 地质学报, 78(5):633-640. LI Hai-bing, QI Xue-xiang, ZHU Ying-tang, et al. 2004. Asymmetrical co-seismic surface ruptures in the East Kunlun earthquake(M_S=8.1), northern Tibetan plateau, China[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 78(5):633-640(in Chinese).
李海兵, 孙知明, 潘家伟, 等. 2014. 2014年于田M_S7.3地震野外调查:特殊的地表破裂带[J]. 地球学报, 35(3):391-394. LI Hai-bing, SUN Zhi-ming, PAN Jia-wei, et al. 2014. Field study of the 12 February 2014 Yutian M_S7.3 earthquake:A special surface rupture zone[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 35(3):391-394(in Chinese).
李海兵, 王宗秀, 付小方, 等. 2008. 2008年5月12日汶川地震(M_S8.0)地表破裂带的分布特征[J]. 中国地质, 35(5):803-813. LI Hai-bing, WANG Zong-xiu, FU Xiao-fang, et al. 2008. The surface rupture zone distribution of the Wenchuan earthquake(M_S8.0)happened on May 12th, 2008[J]. Geology in China, 35(5):803-813(in Chinese).
马保起, 张世民, 田勤俭, 等. 2008. 汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带[J]. 第四纪研究, 28(4):513-517. MA Bao-qi, ZHANG Shi-min, TIAN Qin-jian, et al. 2008. The surface rupture of Wenchuan earthquake(M8.0)[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 28(4):513-517(in Chinese).
潘家伟, 李海兵, 吴富峣, 等. 2011. 2010年玉树地震(M_S7.1)地表破裂特征、破裂机制与破裂过程[J]. 岩石学报, 27(11):3449-3459. PAN Jia-wei, LI Hai-bing, WU Fu-yao, et al. 2011. Surface rupture characteristics, rupture mechanics, and rupture process of the Yushu earthquake(M_S7.1), 14/04/2010[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(11):3449-3459(in Chinese).
任镇寰. 1996. 1936年广西灵山 6 3/4 级地震极震区主要震害类型及其成因[C]//中国地震学会第6次学术大会论文摘要集. 北京:中国地震学会. REN Zhen-huan. 1996. Major types of earthquake damages in meizoseismal region and the causes of 1936 Lingshan M6 3/4 earthquake in Guangxi[C]//Proceedings of the 6th Academic Conference of Seismological Society of China. Seismological Society of China, Beijing(in Chinese).
任镇寰, 罗振暖. 1998. 华南地震区地震带划分的新研究[J]. 华南地震, 18(2):10-15. REN Zhen-huan, LUO Zhen-nuan. 1998. A new study on the division of the seismic belts in the South China seismic area[J]. South China Journal of Seismology, 18(2):10-15(in Chinese).
单新建, 李建华, 马超. 2005. 昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震地表破裂带高分辨率卫星影像特征研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 48(2):321-326. SHAN Xin-jian, LI Jian-hua, MA Chao. 2005. Study on the feature of surface rupture zone of the west of Kunlunshan pass earthquake(M_S8.1)with high spatial resolution satellite images[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 48(2):321-326(in Chinese).
沈军, 宋和平, 陈建波, 等. 2013. 2008年3月21日新疆于田7.1级地震近断层破坏作用[J]. 地学前缘, 20(6):85-93. SHEN Jun, SONG He-ping, CHEN Jian-bo, et al. 2013. Field investigation on the near-fault damaging effects of the 2008 Yutian M_S7.1 earthquake in Xinjiang, China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 20(6):85-93(in Chinese).
石峰, 何宏林, 张英. 2010. 青海玉树M_S7.1地震地表破裂带的遥感影像解译[J]. 震灾防御技术, 5(2):220-227. SHI Feng, HE Hong-lin, ZHANG Ying. 2010. Remote sensing interpretation of the M_S7.1 Yushu earthquake surface ruptures[J]. Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, 5(2):220-227(in Chinese).
孙鑫喆, 徐锡伟, 陈立春, 等. 2010. 青海玉树M_S7.1地震2个典型地点的地表破裂特征[J]. 地震地质, 32(2):338-344. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2010.02.017. SUN Xin-zhe, XU Xi-wei, CHEN Li-chun, et al. 2010. Characteristics of surface rupture of the M_S7.1 Yushu, Qinghai Province earthquake at two representative places[J]. Seismology and Geology, 32(2):338-344(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 陈文彬, 于贵华, 等. 2002. 2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(M_S8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征[J]. 地震地质, 24(1):1-13. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2002.01.001. XU Xi-wei, CHEN Wen-bin, YU Gui-hua, et al. 2002. Characteristic features of the surface ruptures of the Hoh Sai Hu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(M_S8.1), northern Tibetan plateau, China[J]. Seismology and Geology, 24(1):1-13(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 孙鑫喆, 谭锡斌, 等. 2012. 富蕴断裂:低应变速率条件下断层滑动习性[J]. 地震地质, 34(4):606-617. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2012.04.007. XU Xi-wei, SUN Xin-zhe, TAN Xi-bin, et al. 2012. Fuyun Fault:Long-term faulting behavior under low crustal strain rate[J]. Seismology and Geology, 34(4):606-617(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 谭锡斌, 吴国栋, 等. 2011. 2008年于田M_S7.3地震地表破裂带特征及其构造属性讨论[J]. 地震地质, 33(2):462-471. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253.4967.2011.02.019. XU Xi-wei, TAN Xi-bin, WU Guo-dong, et al. 2011. Surface rupture features of the 2008 Yutian M_S7.3 earthquake and its tectonic nature[J]. Seismology and Geology, 33(2):462-471(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 闻学泽, 叶建青, 等. 2008. 汶川M_S8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J]. 地震地质, 30(3):597-629. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2008.03.003. XU Xi-wei, WEN Xue-ze, YE Jian-qing, et al. 2008. The M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure[J]. Seismology and Geology, 30(3):597-629(in Chinese).
杨章, 戈澍谟. 1980. 对1931年新疆富蕴地震断裂带及构造运动特征的初步认识[J]. 地震地质, 2(3):31-37. YANG Zhang, GE Shu-mo. 1980. Preliminary study of the fracture zone by 1931 Fuyun earthquake and the features of neotectonic movement[J]. Seismology and Geology, 2(3):31-37(in Chinese).
张军龙, 陈长云, 胡朝忠, 等. 2010. 玉树M_S7.1地震地表破裂带及其同震位移分布[J]. 地震, 30(3):1-12. ZHANG Jun-long, CHEN Chang-yun, HU Chao-zhong, et al. 2010. Surface rupture and coseismic displacement of the Yushu M_S7.1 earthquake, China[J]. Earthquake, 30(3):1-12(in Chinese).
钟新基. 1981. 广西新构造运动的主要表现及构造应力场的分析[J]. 华南地震, 60-71. ZHONG Xin-ji. 1981. The analysis of main representation of neotectonic movement and tectonic stress field in Guangxi[J]. South China Journal of Seismology, 60-71(in Chinese).
钟贻军, 任镇寰. 2003. 1969年阳江6.4级地震发震构造研究[J]. 大地测量与地球动力学, 23(4):92-98. ZHONG Yi-jun, REN Zhen-huan. 2003. Study on seismogenic tectonic of Yangjiang M6.4 earthquake[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 23(4):92-98(in Chinese).
周本刚, 杨晓平, 杜龙. 2008. 广西防城-灵山断裂带活动性分段与潜在震源区划分研究[J]. 震灾防御技术, 3(1):8-19. ZHOU Ben-gang, YANG Xiao-ping, DU Long. 2008. Discussion on the segmentation of Fangcheng-Lingshan Fault, Guangxi Province and determination of related potential seismic sources[J]. Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, 3(1):8-19(in Chinese).
周荣军, 黄润秋, 雷建成, 等. 2008. 四川汶川8.0级地震地表破裂与震害特点[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 27(11):2173-2183. ZHOU Rong-jun, HUANG Run-qiu, LEI Jian-cheng, et al. 2008. Surface rupture and hazard characteristics of Wenchuan earthquake with magnitude 8.0 in Sichuan Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 27(11):2173-2183(in Chinese).
Bonilla M G. 1988. Minimum earthquake magnitude associated with coseismic surface faulting[J]. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, XXV(1):17-29.
Coppersmith K J, Youngs R R. 2000. Data needs for probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis[J]. Journal of Geodynamics, 29(3-5):329-343.
Wells D L, Coppersmith K J. 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(4):974-1002.
Yeats R S, Sieh K, Allen C R. 1997. The Geology of Earthquakes[M]. Oxford University Press, New York:568.

[1]	赵朋, 李军辉, 陶月潮, 疏鹏, 方震. 郯庐断裂带女山湖北侧探槽的新活动现象及讨论[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 338-354.
[2]	李东臣, 任俊杰, 张志文, 刘亮. 基于高分辨率无人机影像的地震地表破裂半自动提取方法--以2021年M_S7.4青海玛多地震为例[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(6): 1484-1502.
[3]	韩龙飞, 刘静, 姚文倩, 王文鑫, 刘小利, 高云鹏, 邵延秀, 李金阳. 2021年玛多M_W7.4地震震中区地表破裂的精细填图及阶区内的分布式破裂讨论[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(2): 484-505.
[4]	梁子晗, 魏占玉, 庄其天, 孙稳, 何宏林. 基于高分辨率地形数据的富蕴M8.0地震地表破裂带精细特征[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(6): 1507-1523.
[5]	姚生海, 盖海龙, 殷翔, 李鑫. 青海玛多M_S7.4地震地表破裂带的基本特征和典型现象[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(5): 1060-1072.
[6]	常祖峰, 常昊, 李鉴林, 毛泽斌, 臧阳. 维西-乔后断裂全新世活动与古地震[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(4): 881-898.
[7]	魏勇, 许强, 董秀军, 郭鹏, 李松林, 李骅锦. 近景摄影测量在探槽地质信息获取中的应用——以泾阳南塬庙店4^#滑坡为例[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(5): 1240-1254.
[8]	梁明剑, 杨耀, 杜方, 宫悦, 孙玮, 赵敏, 何强. 青海达日断裂中段晚第四纪活动性与1947年M73/4地震地表破裂带再研究[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(3): 703-714.
[9]	邵延秀, 袁道阳, 刘静, Jerome Van der Woerd, 李志刚, 吴磊, 刘方斌. 阿尔金断裂中段南月牙山古地震地表破裂带及其构造意义[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(2): 435-454.
[10]	梁明剑, 陈立春, 冉勇康, 李彦宝, 王栋, 高帅坡, 韩明明, 曾蒂. 鲜水河断裂带雅拉河段晚第四纪活动性[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(2): 513-525.
[11]	李西, 冉勇康, 吴富峣, 马兴全, 张彦琪, 曹筠. 小江断裂带西支晚第四纪强震破裂特征[J]. 地震地质, 2018, 40(6): 1179-1203.
[12]	庞炜, 张波, 何文贵, 吴明. 金塔南山断裂中东段古地震特征初步研究[J]. 地震地质, 2018, 40(4): 801-817.
[13]	丁锐, 任俊杰, 张世民, 吕延武, 刘汉永. 丽江-小金河断裂中段晚第四纪古地震历史[J]. 地震地质, 2018, 40(3): 622-640.
[14]	吴熙彦, 徐锡伟, 于贵华, 程佳, 陈桂华, 安艳芬, 王启欣. 国家川滇实验场地震地表破裂带分布图编制[J]. 地震地质, 2018, 40(1): 27-41.
[15]	赵朋, 姚大全, 杨源源, 郑海刚, 方良好. 郯庐断裂带大红山段晚第四纪以来的新活动[J]. 地震地质, 2017, 39(3): 550-560.