汶川地震断层岩的镜质体反射率——对断层同震摩擦滑动性质的约束

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.04.001

地震地质 ›› 2016, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (4): 817-829.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.04.001

汶川地震断层岩的镜质体反射率——对断层同震摩擦滑动性质的约束

姚路¹, 马胜利¹, 王羽², 何宏林³, 陈建业¹, 杨晓松¹, 嶋本利彦¹

1. 中国地震局地质研究所, 地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京 100029;
2. 中国科学院上海应用物理研究所, 上海光源, 上海 201800;
3. 中国地震局地质研究所, 活动构造与火山重点实验室, 北京 100029

收稿日期:2015-03-12 修回日期:2016-07-31 出版日期:2016-12-20 发布日期:2017-01-20
作者简介:姚路,男,1986年生,2013年在中国地震局地质研究所获固体地球物理学博士学位,助理研究员,主要研究方向为断层力学及相关的构造物理实验,电话:010-62009010,E-mail:yaolu_cug@163.com;luyao@ies.ac.cn。
基金资助:
中国地震局地质研究所基本科研业务专项（IGCEA1311）与地震动力学国家重点实验室自主研究课题（LED2014A06）共同资助

THE VITRINITE REFLECTANCE OF FAULT ROCKS FROM THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE FAULT ZONE: CONSTRAINTS ON FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE FAULT DURING THE EARTHQUAKE

YAO Lu¹, MA Sheng-li¹, WANG Yu², HE Hong-lin³, CHEN Jian-ye¹, YANG Xiao-song¹, SHIMAMOTO Toshihiko¹

1. State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China;
3. Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcano, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China

Received:2015-03-12 Revised:2016-07-31 Online:2016-12-20 Published:2017-01-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地震断层滑移过程中的摩擦升温能够指示断层的动态摩擦性质，为我们认识地震的动力学过程及能量分配提供一种途径；断层带摩擦生热的残留标志也能作为识别地震活动的依据。镜质体反射率是煤和石油天然气领域广泛使用的地质温度计，在断层岩和断层力学研究中也具有潜在的应用价值。文中对采自汶川地震断裂带的多种断层岩样品开展了镜质体反射率研究，揭示了断层活动对断层岩镜质体反射率的影响；从断层角砾带向断层核部，镜质体反射率呈现出增大的趋势，指示着地震过程中断层的摩擦生热过程。八角庙露头样品的镜质体反射率明显高于深溪沟露头，可能暗示着2个露头上断层活动性质的差异。研究还表明，对断层剖面的镜质体反射率开展系统性研究有助于识别以往地震的滑动带以及限定滑动带的宽度。对深溪沟露头上断层滑动面样品开展的测试表明，2条宽度约2mm的局部黑色滑动带内存在镜质体反射率的异常高值；数值计算表明汶川地震过程中该露头附近断层滑动面上的宏观摩擦升温可能<162℃，同震阶段的动态摩擦系数较低，这些估计与高速摩擦实验的结果总体上是一致的。

关键词: 汶川地震断裂带, 断层岩, 镜质体反射率, 动态摩擦强度, 摩擦升温

Abstract:

The temperature rise caused by frictional heating during seismic slip is able to indicate dynamic frictional properties of the seismic fault,which provides an approach to understand the dynamic process and energy budget of an earthquake.The residual indicators of frictional heating within the fault zone also can be taken as an evidence for seismic events.The vitrinite reflectance is a commonly-used geothermometer in the coal,oil and gas industries.It also has some potential applications in the studies of fault rock and fault mechanics.We studied vitrinite reflectance (VR) of fault rocks collected from surface outcrops of the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone in this paper.The measured data reveal that the VR of fault rocks are affected by fault motion,and there is a trend that the VR increases towards the fault core,which indicates the effects of frictional heating.The VR of fault rocks from the Bajiaomiao outcrop is much higher than those from the Shenxigou outcrop,which probably suggests the difference in fault activity at the two outcrops.Our study also suggests that systematic measurement of VR across the fault zone is helpful in identifying slip zones and determining their widths.From the VR measurement on an oriented specimen containing the slip surface of the Wenchuan earthquake from the Shenxigou outcrop,we observed anomalous high VR values in two black-colored slip zones of about 2mm in width near the slip surface.The numerical calculation shows that the maximum temperature rise on the fault plane near Shenxigou was probably less than 162℃ during the Wenchuan earthquake,which means the dynamic fault strength was quite low.These estimations are roughly in accord with the results from the high-velocity frictional experiments.

Key words: the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone, fault rocks, vitrinite reflectance, dynamic frictional strength, frictional heating

中图分类号:

P315.2

姚路, 马胜利, 王羽, 何宏林, 陈建业, 杨晓松, 嶋本利彦. 汶川地震断层岩的镜质体反射率——对断层同震摩擦滑动性质的约束[J]. 地震地质, 2016, 38(4): 817-829.

YAO Lu, MA Sheng-li, WANG Yu, HE Hong-lin, CHEN Jian-ye, YANG Xiao-song, SHIMAMOTO Toshihiko. THE VITRINITE REFLECTANCE OF FAULT ROCKS FROM THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE FAULT ZONE: CONSTRAINTS ON FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE FAULT DURING THE EARTHQUAKE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(4): 817-829.

参考文献

韩德馨, 任德贻, 王延斌, 等. 1996. 中国煤岩学［M］. 徐州:中国矿业大学出版社.
HAN De-xin, REN De-yi, WANG Yan-bin, et al. 1996. Coal Petrology of China［M］. China University of Mining and Technology Press, Xuzhou(in Chinese).
韩亮, 周永胜, 陈建业, 等. 2010. 汶川地震基岩同震断层泥结构特征［J］. 第四纪研究, 30(4):745-758.
HAN Liang, ZHOU Yong-sheng, CHEN Jian-ye, et al. 2010. Structural characters of co-seismic fault gouge in bed rocks during the Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Quaternary Sciences, 30(4), 745-758(in Chinese).
郝芳, 陈建渝. 1988. 可作为有机相指标的镜质体反射率［J］. 地质科技情报, 4:113-117.
HAO Fang, CHEN Jian-yu. 1988. Vitrinite reflectance may be used as marker of organic facies［J］. Geological Science and Technology Information, 4:113-117(in Chinese).
何宏林, 孙昭民, 王世元, 等. 2008. 汶川M_S8.0地震地表破裂带［J］. 地震地质, 30(2):359-362.
HE Hong-lin, SUN Shao-min, WANG Shi-yuan, et al. 2008. Rupture of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Seismology and Geology, 30(2):359-362(in Chinese).
王萍, 付碧宏, 张斌, 等. 2009. 汶川 8.0 级地震地表破裂带与岩性关系［J］. 地球物理学报, 52(1):131-139.
WANG Ping, FU Bi-hong, ZHANG Bin, et al. 2009. Relationship between surface ruptures and lithological characteristics of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake［J］. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 52(1):131-139(in Chinese).
吴满路, 张岳桥, 廖椿庭, 等. 2010. 汶川地震后沿龙门山裂断带原地应力测量初步结果［J］. 地质学报, 84(9):1292-1297.
WU Man-lu, ZHANG Yue-qiao, LIAO Chun-ting, et al. 2010. Preliminary results of in-situ stress measurement along the Longmenshan fault zone after the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake［J］. Acta Geologica Sinica, 84(9):1292-1297(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 闻学泽, 叶建青, 等. 2008. 汶川M［M］_S［M］8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造［J］. 地震地质, 30(3):597-629.
XU Xi-wei, WEN Xue-ze, YE Jian-qing, et al. 2008. The M［M］_S［M］8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure［J］. Seismology and Geology, 30(3):597-629(in Chinese).
张雷, 何昌荣. 2014. 龙门山映秀-北川断裂平溪黑色断层泥中有机质成分分析及对断层摩擦滑动性质的影响［J］. 地震地质, 36(3):896-906. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.03.026.
ZHANG Lei, HE Chang-rong. 2014. Analysis of organic components and its effect on the frictional properties of Pingxi black gouge in Yinxiu-Beichuan Fault of Longmenshan fault zone［J］. Seismology and Geology, 36(3):896-906(in Chinese).
赵孟为, Behr H. 1996. 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系镜质体反射率与地热史［J］. 石油学报, 17(2):15-23.
ZHAO Meng-wei, Behr H. 1996. Vitrinite reflectance in Triassic with relation to geothermal history of Ordos Basin［J］. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 17(2):15-23(in Chinese).
Bustin R M. 1983. Heating during thrust faulting in the Rocky Mountains:Friction or fiction?［J］Tectonophysics, 95(3-4):309-328.
Chen J, Yang X, Ma S, et al. 2013a. Mass removal and clay mineral dehydration/rehydration in carbonate-rich surface exposures of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake fault:Geochemical evidence and implications for fault zone evolution and coseismic slip［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 118(2):474-496.
Chen J, Yang X, Yao L, et al. 2013b. Frictional and transport properties of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake fault zone:Implications for coseismic slip-weakening mechanisms［J］. Tectonophysics, 603:237-256.
Fukuchi T, Mizoguchi K, Shimamoto T. 2005. Ferrimagnetic resonance signal produced by frictional heating:A new indicator of paleoseismicity［J］. J Geophys Res, 110(B12404). doi:10.1029/2004jb003485.
Fulton P M, Brodsky E E, Kano Y, et al. 2013. Low coseismic friction on the Tohoku-Oki fault determined from temperature measurements［J］. Science, 342(6163):1214-1217. doi:10.1126/science.1243641.
Fulton P M, Harris R N. 2012. Thermal considerations in inferring frictional heating from vitrinite reflectance and implications for shallow coseismic slip within the Nankai subduction zone［J］. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 335:206-215.
Hirono T, Ujiie K, Ishikawa T, et al. 2009. Estimation of temperature rise in a shallow slip zone of the megasplay fault in the Nankai Trough［J］. Tectonophysics, 478(3-4):215-220.
Hirono T, Yokoyama T, Hamada Y, et al. 2007. A chemical kinetic approach to estimate dynamic shear stress during the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake［J］. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(19):L19308.
Hou L, Ma S, Shimamoto T, et al. 2012. Internal structures and high-velocity frictional properties of a bedding-parallel carbonate fault at Xiaojiaqiao outcrop activated by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Earthquake Science, 25, 197-217.
Ikehara M, Hirono T, Tadai O, et al. 2007. Low total and inorganic carbon contents within the Taiwan Chelungpu fault system［J］. Geochemical Journal, 41(5):391-396.
Kanamori H, Brodsky E E. 2004. The physics of earthquakes［J］. Reports on Progress in Physics, 67(8):1429-1496.
Kitamura M, Mukoyoshi H, Fulton P M, et al. 2012. Coal maturation by frictional heat during rapid fault slip［J］. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(16):L16302.
Killops S D, Killops V J. 2009. Introduction to Organic Geochemistry［M］. Blackwell Publishing, Malden.
Kitamura M, Mukoyoshi H, Hirose T. 2014. A new fault-thermometer based on vitrinite maturation by coseismic frictional heating. General Assembly 2014, European Geosciences Union, EGU2014-9552, Vienna, April 27-May 2, 2014.
Lachenbruch A H. 1986. Simple models for the estimation and measurement of frictional heating by an earthquake. U S Geological Survey, Open File Report 80-625. 47-146.
Li H, Wang H, Xu Z, et al. 2013. Characteristics of the fault-related rocks, fault zones and the principal slip zone in the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling Project Hole -1(WFSD-1)［J］. Tectonophysics, 584:23-42.
Lin A. 2011. Seismic slip recorded by fluidized ultracataclastic veins formed in a co-seismic shear zone during the 2008 M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Geology, 39(6):547-550.
Liu-Zeng J, Wen L, Sun J, et al. 2010. Surficial slip and rupture geometry on the Beichuan Fault near Hongkou during the M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China［J］. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 10:2615-2650.
Mishima T, Hirono T, Soh W, et al. 2006. Thermal history estimation of the Taiwan Chelungpu Fault using rock-magnetic methods［J］. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(23):L23311.
O'Hara K, Hower J C, Rimmer S M. 1990. Constraints on the emplacement and uplift history of the Pine Mountain thrust sheet, eastern Kentucky:Evidence from coal rank trends［J］. The Journal of Geology, 98(1):43-51.
Polissar P J, Savage H M, Brodsky E E. 2011. Extractable organic material in fault zones as a tool to investigate frictional stress［J］. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 311(3-4):439-447.
Rice J R. 2006. Heating and weakening of faults during earthquake slip［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 111(B05311).
Sakaguchi A, Chester F, Curewitz D, et al. 2011. Seismic slip propagation to the updip end of plate boundary subduction interface faults:Vitrinite reflectance geothermometry on Integrated Ocean Drilling Program NanTro SEIZE cores［J］. Geology, 39(4):395-398.
Sakaguchi A, Yanagihara A, Ujiie K, et al. 2007. Thermal maturity of a fold-thrust belt based on vitrinite reflectance analysis in the Western Foothills complex, western Taiwan［J］. Tectonophysics, 443(3-4):220-232.
Sibson R H. 2003. Thickness of the seismic slip zone［J］. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 93(3):1169-1178.
Sweeney J J, Burnham A K. 1990. Evaluation of a simple model of vitrinite reflectance based on chemical kinetics［J］. AAPG Bulletin, 74(10):1559-1570.
Tissot B P, Pelet R, Ungerer P. 1987. Thermal history of sedimentary basins, maturation indices, and kinetics of oil and gas generation［J］. AAPG Bulletin, 71:1445-1466.
Togo T, Shimamoto T, Ma S, et al. 2011. Internal structure of Longmenshan fault zone at Hongkou outcrop, Sichuan, China, that caused the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Earthquake Science, 24(3):249-265.
Wang H, Li H, Si J, et al. 2014b. Internal structure of the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone, revealed by surface outcrop and WFSD -1 drilling core investigation［J］. Tectonophysics, 619-620(2014):101-114.
Wang Y, Ma S, Shimamoto T. 2014a. Internal structure and high-velocity frictional properties of Longmenshan fault zone at Shenxigou outcrop activated by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Earthquake Science, 27:499-528.
Waples D W. 1980. Time and temperature in petroleum formation:Application of Lopatin's method to petroleum exploration［J］. AAPG Bulletin, 64(6):916-926.
Yang T, Chen J, Wang H, et al. 2012. Rock magnetic properties of fault rocks from the rupture of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China and their implications:Preliminary results from the Zhaojiagou outcrop, Beichuan County(Sichuan)［J］. Tectonophysics, 530-531(2012):331-341.
Yao L, Ma S, Shimamoto T, et al. 2013a. Structures and high-velocity frictional properties of the Pingxi fault zone in the Longmenshan fault system, Sichuan, China, activated during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Tectonophysics, 599:135-156.
Yao L, Shimamoto T, Ma S, et al. 2013b. Rapid postseismic strength recovery of Pingxi fault gouge from the Longmenshan fault system:Experiments and implications for the mechanisms of high-velocity weakening of faults［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 118:4547-4563.
Yao L, Ma S, Niemeijer A R, et al. 2016a. Is frictional heating needed to cause dramatic weakening of nanoparticle gouge during seismic slip? Insights from friction experiments with variable thermal evolutions［J］. Geophysical Research Letter, 43:6852-6860. doi:10.1002/2016GL069053.
Yao L, Ma S, Platt J D, et al. 2016b. The crucial role of temperature in high-velocity weakening of faults:Experiments on gouge using host blocks with different thermal conductivities［J］. Geology, 44(1):63-66. doi:10.1130/G37310.1.
Zhang Y, Feng W, Xu L, et al. 2009. Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake［J］. Science in China(Ser D), 52(2):145-154.

[1]	段庆宝, 杨晓松, 陈建业. 断层岩气体渗透率及Klinkenberg效应[J]. 地震地质, 2014, 36(4): 964-975.
[2]	张秉良, 刘瑞珣, 向宏发, 万景林, 黄雄南. 红河断裂带中南段断层岩FT测年及其地质意义[J]. 地震地质, 2009, 31(1): 44-56.
[3]	陈桂华, 温长顺, 胡玲, 徐锡伟. 太行山北段中新生代断层岩的显微构造研究[J]. 地震地质, 2004, 26(1): 102-110.
[4]	史兰斌, 林传勇, 刘行松, 唐汉军, 陈孝德, 李祖信. 基岩区断层新活动年代学研究的问题讨论[J]. 地震地质, 1996, 18(4): 319-324.
[5]	计凤桔, 高平. 热释光断代技术测定断层活动时代可能性的研究[J]. 地震地质, 1988, 10(4): 207-213.

汶川地震断层岩的镜质体反射率——对断层同震摩擦滑动性质的约束

THE VITRINITE REFLECTANCE OF FAULT ROCKS FROM THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE FAULT ZONE: CONSTRAINTS ON FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE FAULT DURING THE EARTHQUAKE

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 5

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价