青海达日断裂中段构造活动与地貌发育的响应关系探讨

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2014.02.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 青海达日地区发育了多条晚第四纪活动断裂带，以NW—NNW向和近SN向为主。通过航卫片解译和野外实地调查发现，达日断裂中段晚第四纪新活动性尤为显著，其性质以左旋走滑为主，至今部分地段仍保存了清晰的1947年达日 7(3/4) 级地震地表破裂带，其破裂样式具有分段性和多样性，反映了局部构造应力的差异。达日地区作为典型的活动构造区，是研究新构造运动与地貌响应的理想场所。因此，文中采用ASTER GDEM V2数据提取了该地区的水系网络和亚流域盆地参数，计算了亚流域盆地面积-高程积分曲线和积分值（HI值），讨论了其构造活动性及地貌响应的关系。区内黄河的6个亚流域盆地的面积-高程积分曲线形态分析结果表明，这6个亚流域盆地均处于地貌演化阶段的“壮年期”，其演化过程表现出很好的同步性，反映了区域性构造隆升或沉降作用的总体结果。而且，区内亚流域盆地的面积-高程积分值（HI值）分布特征表明，HI低值分布与第四纪断陷盆地和河谷盆地范围相一致，反映了局部不同构造沉降和侵蚀作用的结果；HI高值则主要出现在达日地震地表破裂带由NWW向NW转向的部位，以及早侏罗世与晚三叠世花岗闪长岩体分布的地方，也很好地反映了局部构造作用的变化和地层岩性的差异。

关键词: 达日断裂, 1947年达日7（3/4）级地震, 亚流域盆地, 面积-高程积分

Abstract: There are numerous Late Quaternary active faults in Dari area, Qinghai Province, with the major strike orientation of NW-NWW and SN. Through analyzing of satellite images and field investigation, we observed significant new activity of the middle segment of Dari Fault during Late Quaternary. The Dari Fault locates in the south of Qinghai Province, and it's a left-lateral strike-slip active fault. Along the studied segment, the surface rupture zones of the M7 (3/4) earthquake are still preserved. The rupture styles of the M7 (3/4) earthquake surface rupture zones are varied and diversified in different segments. This feature is represented by changes of local tectonic stress. The Dari area, as a typical active tectonic zone, is ideal for studying the neotectonics and the geomorphological responses. So in this paper, we also discussed the relationship between the tectonic activities and its geomorphological response in the study area. Analysis on ASTER GDEM V2 digital data enabled us to extract the sub-basins and rivers in this region, and finally determine the hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral(HI values)of the sub-basins. Hypsometry is adopted to analyze the evolution processes of six sub-basins of the Yellow River in the study area. The results show that the geomorphological evolution of the six sub-basins is in the stage of maturity, and the evolution process is highly synchronized, indicating the overall result of regional tectonic uplift or subsidence. Furthermore, the distribution characteristics of the hypsometric integrals(HI value)of the sub-basins reveal that the location of low HI value areas coinsides with the distribution of Quaternary graben basins and valleys, reflecting the results of different local tectonic subsidence and erosion. On the other hand, the high HI areas mainly occur where the strike of the Dari earthquake surface rupture zone changes from NWW to NW and where Early Jurassic and Late Triassic granodiorites are distributed, indicating clearly the variation of local tectonics and difference in lithology.

Key words: the Dari Fault, the Dari M7 (3/4) earthquake in 1947, sub-basin, hypsometry

中图分类号:

P315.2

梁明剑, 周荣军, 闫亮, 赵国华, 郭红梅. 青海达日断裂中段构造活动与地貌发育的响应关系探讨[J]. 地震地质, 2014, 36(1): 28-38.

LIANG Ming-jian, ZHOU Rong-jun, YAN Liang, ZHAO Guo-hua, GUO Hong-mei. THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NEOTECTONIC ACTIVITY OF THE MIDDLE SEGMENT OF DARI FAULT AND ITS GEOMORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE, QINGHAI PROVINCE, CHINA[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2014, 36(1): 28-38.

参考文献

陈彦杰. 2008. 台湾山脉地形演育的测高曲线与高程频率分布形态［J］.地理学报(台湾), 54: 79—94.
CHEN Yan-jie. 2008. Features of hypsometric curve and elevation frequency histogram of mountain topography evolution in Taiwan［J］. Journal of Geographical Science, (54): 79—94(in Chinese).
戴华光. 1983. 1947年青海达日 7(3/4) 级地震［J］. 西北地震学报, 5(3): 71—77.
DAI Hua-guang. 1983. On the Dari earthquake of 1947 in Qinghai Province［J］. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 5(3): 71—77(in Chinese).
邓起东, 高翔, 于贵华, 等. 2010. 青藏高原昆仑-汶川地震序列与巴颜喀拉断块的最新活动［J］.地学前缘, 17(5): 163—178.
DENG Qi-dong, GAO Xiang, YU Gui-hua, et al. 2010. Recent tectonic activity of Bayankala fault-block and the Kunlun-Wenchuan earthquake series of the Tibetan plateau［J］. Earth Science Frontiers, 17(5): 163—178(in Chinese).
李吉均, 方小敏, 马海洲, 等. 1996. 晚新生代黄河上游地貌演化与青藏高原隆起［J］. 中国科学(D), 26(4): 316—322.
LI Ji-jun, FANG Xiao-min, MA Hai-zhou, et al. 1996. Late Cenozoic intensive uplift of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its impacts on environments in surrounding area［J］. Science in China(Ser D), 6(4): 316—322(in Chinese).
刘静, 曾令森, 丁林, 等. 2009. 青藏高原东南缘构造地貌、活动构造和下地壳流动假说［J］. 地质科学, 44(4): 1227—1255.
LIU Jing, ZENG Ling-sen, DING Lin, et al. 2009. Tectonic geomorphology, active tectonics and lower crustal channel flow hypothesis of the southeastern Tibetan plateau［J］. Chinese Journal of Geology［J］. 44(4): 1227—1255(in Chinese).
李勇, 周荣军, Densmore A L, 等. 2006. 青藏高原大陆动力学过程与地质响应［M］. 北京: 地质出版社. 92—130.
LI Yong, ZHOU Rong-jun, Densmore A L, et al. 2006. The Geology of the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau［M］. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. 92—130(in Chinese).
青海省地矿局第二区域地质调查队. 1988. 青海省达日县幅I-47-[22]、索乎日玛乡幅I-47-[23]、久治县幅I-47-[24]区域地质调查报告［M］. 北京: 地质出版社.197—235.
The Second Regional Geological Survey Team of Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Qinghai Province. 1988. Regional Geological Survey Report of Qinghai Dari Town I-47-[22], Suohurima County I-47-[23], and Jiuzhi Town I-47-[24]［M］. Geological Publishing House, Beijing. 197—235(in Chinese).
史兴民, 杜忠潮. 2006. 中国构造地貌学的回顾与展望［J］. 西北地震学报, 28(6): 280—284.
SHI Xing-min, DU Zhong-chao. 2006. Review and prospect of tectonic geomorphology in China［J］. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 28(6): 280—284(in Chinese).
王岸, 王国灿. 2005. 构造地貌及其分析方法述评［J］. 地质科技情报, 24(4): 7—13.
WANG An, WANG Guo-can. 2005. Review on morphotectonic and its analytical methods［J］. Geological Science and Technology Information, 24(4): 7—13(in Chinese).
中国地震局震害防御司. 1999. 中国近代地震目录(公元1912—1990年 M_S≥4.7)［Z］. 北京: 中国科技出版社. 83.
Department of Earthquake Disaster Prevention, CEA. 1999. Catalogue of Chinese Recent Earthquakes(from 1912 to 1990 AD, M_S≥4.7)［Z］. Science and Technology Press, Beijing. 83(in Chinese).
张会平, 杨农, 张岳桥, 等. 2006a. 岷江水系流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义［J］. 第四纪研究, 26(1): 126—135.
ZHANG Hui-ping, YANG Nong, ZHANG Yue-qiao, et al. 2006a. Geomorphology of the Minjiang drainage system(Sichuan, China)and its structural implications［J］. Quaternary Sciences, 26(1): 126—135(in Chinese).
张会平, 刘少峰, 孙亚平, 等. 2006b. 基于SRTM-DEM区域地形起伏的获取及应用［J］. 国土资源遥感, 1(67): 31—35.
ZHANG Hui-ping, LIU Shao-feng, SUN Ya-ping, et al. 2006b. The acquisition of local topographic relief and its application: An SRTM-DEM analysis［J］. Remote Sensing for Land & Resources, 1(67): 31—35(in Chinese).
朱建立. 1992. 巴颜喀拉山地区第四纪冰期初步探讨［J］. 青海地质, 2: 30—39.
ZHU Jian-li. 1992. A preliminary discussion on the Quaternary glaciation of Bayan Har region［J］. Geology of Qinghai, 2: 30—39(in chinese).
张裕明, 李闽峰, 孟勇琦, 等. 1996. 巴颜喀拉山地区断层活动性研究及其地震地质意义［A］.见: 中国地震地质研究所编. 活动断裂研究理论与应用(5).北京: 地震出版社.154—171.
ZHANG Yu-ming, LI Min-feng, MENG Yong-qi, et al. 1996. Research on fault activities and their seismogeological implication in Bayankala Mountain area［A］. In: Institute of Geology, SSB(ed). Research of Active Fault (5). Seismological Press, Beijing. 154—171(in Chinese).
张智勇, 于庆文, 张克信, 等. 2003. 黄河上游第四纪河流地貌演化: 兼论青藏高原1 ︰ 25万新生代地质填图地貌演化调查［J］. 地球科学-中国地质大学学报, 28(6): 621—633.
ZHANG Zhi-yong, YU Qing-wen, ZHANG Ke-xin, et al. 2003. Geomorphological evolution of Quaternary river from upper Yellow River and geomorphological evolution investigation for 1 ︰ 250000 scale geological mapping in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau［J］. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 28(6): 621—633(in Chinese).
Burbank D W, Anderson R S. 2012. Tectonic Geomorphology［M］. Wiley-Blackwell Press.1—17.
Chen Y C, Sung Q, Cheng K. 2003. Along-strike variations of morphotectonic features in the Western Foothills of Taiwan: Tectonic implications based on stream-gradient and hypsometric analysis［J］. Geomorphology, 56: 109—137.

Cheng K Y, Hung J H, Chang H C, et al. 2012. Scale independence of basin hypsometry and steady state topography［J］. Geomorphology, (171-172): 1—11.
Clark M K, Schoenbohm L M, Royden L H, et al. 2004. Surface uplift, tectonics, and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage patterns［J］. Tectonics, 23: TC1006. doi:10.1029/2002TC001402.
Hurtrez J E, Sol C, Lucazeau F. 1999. Effect of drainage area on hypsometry from an analysis of small-scale drainage basins in the Siwalik Hills(central Nepal)［J］. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 328: 687—694.
Kirby E, Whipple K. 2001. Quantifying differential rock-uplift rates via stream profile analysis［J］. Geology, 29: 415—418.

Kirby E, Whipple K X, Tang W Q, et al. 2003. Distribution of active rock uplift along the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau: Inferences from bedrock channel longitudinal profiles［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(B4): 2217. doi:10.1029/2001JB000861.
Lifton N A, Chase C G. 1992. Tectonic, climatic and lithologic influences on landscape fractal dimension and hypsometry: Implications for landscape evolution in the San Gabriel Mountains, California［J］. Geomorphology, 5: 77—114.

Masek J G, Isacks B L, Gubbels T L, et al. 1994. Erosion and tectonics at the margins of continental plateaus［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99: 13941—13956.

Pike R J, Wilson S E. 1971. Elevation-relief ratio, hypsometric integral, and geomorphic area-altitude analysis［J］. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82: 1079—1084.

Strahler A N. 1952. Hypsometric(area-altitude)analysis of erosional topography［J］. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 63: 1117—1142.

Whipple K X, Tucker G E. 1999. Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 104: 17661—17674.

Wobus C, Heimsath A, Whipple K, et al. 2005. Active out-of-sequence thrust faulting in the central Nepalese Himalaya［J］. Nature, 434: 1008—1011.

[1]	李昭, 付碧宏. 东昆仑断裂带玛沁-玛曲段晚第四纪构造活动特征的地貌响应定量研究[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(6): 1421-1447.
[2]	梁明剑, 杨耀, 杜方, 宫悦, 孙玮, 赵敏, 何强. 青海达日断裂中段晚第四纪活动性与1947年M73/4地震地表破裂带再研究[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(3): 703-714.
[3]	高泽民, 刘兴旺, 邵延秀, 谢虹. 河套盆地北缘大青山地区构造地貌特征[J]. 地震地质, 2019, 41(6): 1317-1332.
[4]	王躲, 尹功明, 韩非, 刘春茹, 毛泽斌. 格仁错断裂带流域地貌特征及其构造指示意义[J]. 地震地质, 2017, 39(2): 304-322.
[5]	苏琦, 袁道阳, 谢虹, 邵延秀, 梁明剑. 祁连山西段疏勒河流域地貌特征及其构造意义[J]. 地震地质, 2016, 38(2): 240-258.