滇西南1976年龙陵MS7.3、MS7.4 双强震触发滑坡遥感解译及其构造意义

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2024.01.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

深入研究中国滇西南地区发育的龙陵-澜沧新生地震构造带对于合理划分活动地块边界及未来开展强震危险性评价工作具有重要意义。使用高分辨率卫星影像对已发生的双强震震例开展回溯研究是一种可行的技术手段。文中对震前、震后高分辨率Keyhole卫星影像进行遥感解译, 结合野外验证和前人研究结果, 获得了1976年 M_S7.3、 M_S7.4 龙陵双强震触发滑坡较为完整的数据库。结果显示: 1)共解译滑坡14 448个, 总面积为17.2km², 70.9%的滑坡分布在花岗岩质的岩体风化层中, 单体滑坡面积集中在数百至1 000m²区间, 多为表层风化层内的浅层滑坡, 滑动距离较小; 2)同震滑坡密集区与高烈度区不匹配, 其空间分布显示破裂区规模约为30km, 且均位于活动断裂的一侧, 表明其发震构造并非为龙陵-瑞丽断裂或畹町断裂。滇西南地区共轭强震破裂可能局限了单次强震的空间规模, 因此在确认未来强震危险区时应重点关注NE向与NW向构造的交会部位。

关键词: 滇西南地区, 1976年龙陵M_S7.3、, M_S7.4双强震, 地震滑坡, Keyhole卫星影像, 遥感解译, 地震危险性

Abstract:

The Longling-Lancang seismotectonic belt in southwestern Yunnan is critical for accurately defining the boundaries of active blocks and evaluating seismic risks. Using pre- and post-earthquake high-spatial-resolution satellite imagery to study strong earthquakes retrospectively proves to be a practical method in such study. Strong earthquakes frequently cause secondary effects such as coseismic landslides, collapses, and debris flows, which lead to considerable loss of life and property. These secondary effects, often as the most dramatic manifestations of an earthquake, show geologic signatures providing evidence of historic or prehistoric seismic activities. The use of satellite imagery captured shortly after historic earthquakes to interpret these secondary effects is particularly beneficial in determining the intensity and influence radius of earthquakes, thereby helping study on seismogenic faults of earthquakes.

On May 29, 1976, two strong earthquakes with M_S7.3 and M_S7.4 occurred in Longling county, southwest China, followed by intense aftershocks. The seismogenic structure of these earthquakes still remains undetermined to present. These earthquakes triggered numerous coseismic landslides in the regolith of the granitic rock mass. The seismic zone, located in subtropical regions, is characterized by high precipitation and dense vegetation. Apart from the ancient landslides in the northwest and southeast, no records of landslides and debris flows persisted in the epicenter zone for a century, making the occurrence of substantial landslides post the main earthquakes unexpected. Currently, these landslides have undergone reshaping by land surface processes and re-vegetation, which makes them indistinguishable in recent remote sensing images. Using Keyhole satellite images with a resolution of 0.6~1.2m offers a useful means to identify the coseismic landslides of the Longling mainshocks. In this study, we employ these images for a comprehensive visual interpretation of the coseismic landslides. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results, we used images captured in 1981(the most recent following the earthquakes)to extract coseismic landslides and substantiated them with images from 1974, field investigation photos from 1976, and relevant records. Finally, we have compiled an exhaustive database of coseismic landslides triggered by the 1976 Longling cases.

Our results are summarized as follows: 1)A total of 14 448 landslides were interpreted, encompassing an overall area of 17.2km². The area of individual landslides primarily ranged from several hundreds to one thousand m², and most were superficial slides in the surface regolith with short sliding distances. The regional stratigraphy is complex, with 70.9% of the landslides occurring in the regolith of granitic rock mass, 15.3%in sandstones or siltstones, and a mere 13.8%in other areas such as limestones. Consequently, these landslides were relatively small compared to those in other regions like the Loess Plateau in north China, where the surface sediment is extremely loose. 2)A strong correlation exists between the intense area of coseismic landslides and the earthquake sequence, which tends to migrate from south to north. Notable aftershocks(e.g., M_S6.2 on June 9 and M_S6.6 on July 21)particularly exhibited the general NNW distribution direction of the earthquake sequence and triggered scattered landslides outside the epicenter zone. Through synthesizing field surveys, combining other records and the findings of this study, we believed that the two main earthquakes triggered numerous coseismic landslides, and the continuous strong aftershocks led to the destabilized regolith of the granitic rock mass creeping successively, resulting in subsequent landslides. 3)The concentration areas of coseismic landslides do not match the high-earthquake-intensity areas, instead, they are all located on one side of active faults, which suggests that the seismogenic fault is neither the Longling-Ruili Fault nor the Wanding Fault. The spatial distribution of the landslides suggests that the scope of the surface rupture zone is about 30km. The conjugated strong earthquake ruptures in southwestern Yunnan may limit the spatial scale of single strong earthquakes, so it is crucial to pay more attention to the intersection zone of NE and NW trending active faults when assessing regional strong earthquake risk in the future.

Key words: southwestern Yunnan, 1976 Longling M_S7.3, M_S7.4 earthquakes, earthquake-triggered landslides, Keyhole satellite imagery, remote sensing interpretation, seismic hazard risk

李浩峰, 徐岳仁, 郭雅丽, 刘晗, 赵昕雨, 陆玲玉, 唐嘉诚. 滇西南1976年龙陵M_S7.3、M_S7.4 双强震触发滑坡遥感解译及其构造意义[J]. 地震地质, 2024, 46(1): 117-140.

LI Hao-feng, XU Yue-ren, GUO Ya-li, LIU Han, ZHAO Xin-yu, LU Ling-yu, TANG Jia-cheng. REMOTE SENSING INTEPRETATION OF COSEISMIC LAND-SLIDES TRIGGERED BY 1976 LONGLING M_S7.3 AND M_S7.4 EARTHQUAKES AND THE TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCES[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(1): 117-140.

图/表 15

图1 区域构造背景图红色粗实线为一级活动地块边界, 锯齿为俯冲带; 黄色粗实线为二级活动地块边界(张培震等, 2003); 红色细实线为主要断裂, 彩色圆点为1904—2018年ISC-GEM地震目录震中(李保昆等, 2019)。 ① 红河断裂; ② 实皆断裂

Fig. 1 Tectonic settings of the study area.

图2 1976年龙陵地震后拍摄的照片 a 金竹坪大队西北, 7.3级地震时坝竹河两岸花岗岩风化残积层覆盖的山梁陡坡上发生大规模剥落(国家地震局地质研究所, 1983); b 自金竹坪豆家寨向W看埧湾河两岸的浅层崩滑群的分布, 左岸比右岸发育, 虚线表示Pz与γ的分界线①; c 白水河右岸的浅层崩塌性滑坡群(∈为寒武系砂页岩, γ为花岗岩, 虚线为分界线)①（①四川省地理研究所，1976，一九七六年五月二十九日龙陵地震滑坡调查报告。）

Fig. 2 Photos taken after 1976 Longling earthquake.

图3 本研究使用的Keyhole数据的覆盖范围及成像时间

Fig. 3 Coverage areas and timescale of Keyhole satellite images used in this study.

表1 Keyhole卫星影像参数

Table1 Parameters of Keyhole satellite images used in this study

卫星名称	任务编号	发射日期	运载火箭	幅宽/km	回收日期	拍摄日期	分辨率
KH9-9	1209	1974年10月29日	泰坦IIID	162.0×271.0	1975年3月9日	1974年12月5日	0.6~1.2m
KH9-16	1216	1980年6月18日	泰坦IIID	169.0×265.0	1981年3月6日	1981年1月28日、2月1日	0.6~1.2m
KH9-17	1217	1981年5月11日	泰坦IIID	177.0×262.0	1982年12月5日	1982年11月4日	0.6~1.2m

图4 震前、震后的Keyhole影像与Maxar卫星影像(Google Earth)对比图图示为荆竹坪村西北的大面积崩塌

Fig. 4 Comparison of Keyhole images before and after the Longling earthquakes, with recent Maxar images from Google Earth.

图5 使用震前、震后影像结合解译滑坡 a 震前影像显示山体完好; b 震后影像显示地震触发滑坡区域呈亮色调。红线为解译的滑坡边界

Fig. 5 Landslides interpreted through pre- and post-earthquake high-spatial-resolution satellite imagery.

图6 解译同震滑坡的分布范围 2个标准差椭圆范围内分别包含75.6%、 96.6%的同震滑坡

Fig. 6 Interpreted spatial distribution of coseismic landslides induced by 1976 Longling earthquakes.

图7 1976年龙陵 MS7.3、 MS7.4 地震烈度区范围内的滑坡分布柱状图 a、 b 不去除重叠; c、 d 去除低烈度区范围内高烈度区的滑坡统计

Fig. 7 Histograms showing landslides distribution in earthquake-intensity areas of 1976 Longling MS7.3 and MS7.4 earthquakes.

图8 滑坡分布与地层岩性的关系 a 空白区域为古生界地层, 多为沉积岩, 还有部分变质岩。b 滑坡在各种岩性中分布数量的比例; c 滑坡在各种岩性中分布面积的比例

Fig. 8 Relationship between earthquake-triggered landslides and regional lithology.

图9 滑坡面积频数分布直方图解译滑坡面积较小, 99.3%的滑坡面积<10 000m2

Fig. 9 Histograms showing frequency distribution of single slide area.

图10 解译居民点与同震滑坡之间的空间分布图 a 解译居民点的总体分布情况; b 滑坡分布在山区, 居民点多数分布于山间盆地。红点表示滑坡, 绿点表示居民点

Fig. 10 Interpreted spatial distribution of landslides and residence sites.

图11 同震滑坡与最近居民点距离的频数直方图

Fig. 11 Histograms showing frequency distribution of distance of earthquake-triggered landslides to residence sites.

图12 同震滑坡与水系距离的频数分布图

Fig. 12 Histogram showing frequency distribution of distance of earthquake-triggered landslides to drainage system.

图13 解译同震滑坡的点密度(a)及面积密度(b)与余震序列、 2019年1月—2023年4月小地震分布图

Fig. 13 Interpreted point and areal densities of coseismic landslides, and aftershock sequence from Jan. 2009 to Apr. 2023.

图14 滇西南地区历史强震与活动断裂空间分布图

Fig. 14 Distribution of strong historical earthquakes and major active faults in southwestern Yunnan.

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