基于ALOS PALSAR影像的莫勒切河洪积扇地貌面定量分期

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2020.01.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

洪积扇是干旱—半干旱地区最普遍、最基本的地貌, 洪积扇地貌面记录了第四纪以来构造活动、气候变化的重要信息, 为构造运动、古环境和地貌演化等方面的研究提供参考, 但目前缺少可靠的区域洪积扇地貌面定量分期方法。洪积扇地貌面的粗糙度是地貌演化过程中一个重要的特征。本研究利用合成孔径雷达(SAR)技术, 选择公开的空间分辨率为15m的L波段ALOS PALSAR数据, 采用横剖面线法获得不同级洪积扇地貌面的后向散射系数, 实现阿尔金断裂带西段莫勒切河洪积扇地貌面的大范围定量分期。结果表明: 1)L波段HH极化方式的SAR数据对洪积扇地貌面的粗糙度特征敏感, 适合划分莫勒切河地区不同级的洪积扇地貌面; 2)在相对平坦的干旱—半干旱地区, SAR数据的后向散射系数主要表征地表的粗糙度, 利用后向散射系数可对洪积扇地貌面进行大范围定量分期; 3)SAR数据的后向散射系数为划分不同级的洪积扇地貌面提供了一种定量参考指标, 可减少因洪积扇地貌面的空间分布不连续导致的地貌面分期误差。

关键词: ALOS, PALSAR, 莫勒切河, 洪积扇地貌面, 后向散射系数, 定量分期

Abstract:

Alluvial fans are the most common landforms in arid and semi-arid regions, which record important information on tectonic and climatic changes, and provide a reference to the Quaternary tectonic activity, paleogeographical environment, and geomorphic evolution. However, there is a lack of reliable quantitative methods for the classification of regional alluvial fan topography. Surface roughness is a terrain parameter that has been supposed to be an inherent property of alluvial fan topography. The smooth of the alluvial fan surface is a gradual, continuous and internal geomorphological process from bar-swale high relief of younger and rough surface to small relief of older and smooth surface over time. Alluvial fan surface roughness declines with the age of abandoned alluvial fan units, indicating that the surface roughness could be used as a parameter to determine the sequence of alluvial fan units.
In semi-arid and arid conditions, the subdivision sequence of alluvial fan units is regularly distinguished according to specific qualitative and quantitative techniques. The traditional field mapping provides relatively high levels of accuracy, but it is labor-intensive, time-consuming and applicable for small-scale areas. Aerial or spaceborne optical image quantitative mapping will be limited to the light, weather and the resolution of the image. The infrared and thermal infrared image quantitative mapping is susceptible to the parent material lithology of alluvial materials. Quantitative mapping requires more accuracy and high-resolution data for digital terrain data, which will be time-consuming and expensive when applied to large and remote locations. In-situ cosmogenic radionuclide method should consider the time and expensive sample testing cost of applying alluvial fan unit mapping. Meanwhile, the uncertainty of the analysis, as well as samples collecting issues and the lack of appropriate dating materials can also limit the application of dating methods to the semi-arid and arid areas.
Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR), an initiative microwave remote sensing technology, can record multi-polarization, multi-band, high-resolution microwave backscattering returns and is sensitive to geomorphic features. The hyper-penetration of clouds makes SAR data an effective way to obtain alluvial fan surface information. Microwave backscatter on the alluvial fan surface contains valuable information about surface roughness. However, surface roughness is difficult to measure using conventional topographic survey instruments. The backscatter coefficient in SAR data is an indirect indicator of surface roughness and plays a key role in rapidly mapping large-scale alluvial fan unit in arid and semi-arid environments.
In this study, we use open Advanced Land Observing Satellite(ALOS)Phased Array L-band SAR(PALSAR)data with a resolution of 15m/pixel to extract backscatter coefficients from different geomorphic surfaces by transverse profiles and determine the characteristic roughness values of alluvia fan units. We then apply these characteristic values to different alluvial fan units of the Moleqie River Alluvial Fan(MRAF)and quantitatively map the western section of the Altyn Tagh Fault area. Our results indicate that: 1)L-band HH polarization SAR data is more sensitive to the geomorphic roughness characteristics of the MRAF surface, compared to other polarized SAR data, this data is more suitable for distinguishing alluvial fan units in different periods; 2)The backscatter coefficients of SAR data can describe the surface roughness of relatively flat, arid and semi-arid areas and can be used to quantitatively map large-scale alluvial fan units; 3)The backscatter coefficients of SAR data provide a quantitative proxy for the classification of alluvial fan units in different periods, reducing alluvial fan mapping mistakes caused by spatial discontinuity of alluvial fan units. This study is beneficial to the quantitative mapping and comparative study of the regional alluvial fan.

Key words: ALOS PALSAR, Moleqie River, alluvial fan surfaces, backscatter coefficients, quantitative mapping

中图分类号:

P315.2

苏强, 任俊杰, 梁欧博, 郭菲. 基于ALOS PALSAR影像的莫勒切河洪积扇地貌面定量分期[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(1): 79-94.

SU Qiang, REN Jun-jie, LIANG Ou-bo, GUO Fei. QUANTITATIVE MAPPING OF THE MOLEQIE RIVER ALLUVIAL FAN MORPHOLOGIC UNITS IN CHINA BASED ON ALOS PALSAR DATA[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2020, 42(1): 79-94.

图/表 10

图 1 莫勒切河洪积扇区域地质构造图地质图引自《1︰50万中国地质图》公开版数据,断裂分布修改自郑荣章等(2011)和徐锡伟等(2016)的成果

Fig. 1 Regional geological map of the Moleqie River Alluvial Fan(MRAF).

图 2 雷达波后向散射模式图a L波段后向散射模式; b C波段后向散射模式

Fig. 2 Radar wave backscatter model.

图 3 莫勒切河洪积扇遥感影像 a Landsat 5 影像①(https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/。); b ALOS PALSAR 影像

Fig. 3 Remote sensing images of the MRAF.

图 4 不同极化方式下剖面线的后向散射强度与地貌面划分结果a HH极化; b HV极化, 剖面线见图 3b。AC 活动河道; F0第一级地貌面; F1第二级地貌面; F2第三级地貌面

Fig. 4 The backscatter coefficients of profiles and interpretation results of geomorphic units under different polarizations.

图 5 不同极化方式下地貌面的后向散射系数结果a HH极化方式; b HV极化方式。AC 活动河道; F0第一级地貌面; F1第二级地貌面; F2第三级地貌面

Fig. 5 Backscatter coefficients of geomorphic units under different polarizations.

图 6 不同极化方式下地貌面的定量分期结果a HH极化方式; b HV极化方式

Fig. 6 Quantitative mapping results of geomorphic units under different polarizations.

图 7 HH极化方式下地貌面的定量分期结果a、 c ALOS PALSAR定量分期图; b、 d Landsat 5影像

Fig. 7 Quantitative mapping results of geomorphic units under HH polarization.

图 8 研究区月平均降雨量和月平均温度

Fig. 8 Monthly average precipitation and temperature in the study area.

图 9 坡度(a)、起伏度(b)、切割度(c)、 S和SI的差值变化曲线(d)

Fig. 9 Slope(a), local relief(b), degree of dissection(c), and the curve of difference value betwen S and SI(d).

图 10 莫勒切河洪积扇地貌面定量分期结果与前人划分结果a 本研究结果; b 前人结果(郑荣章, 2005)

Fig. 10 The comparison results between quantitative mapping and previous research in MRAF.

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