祁连山北缘玉门断裂晚更新世以来的活动速率及古地震

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.04.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

玉门断裂位于青藏高原东北缘的祁连山造山带西段，与阿尔金断裂相邻，构造位置特殊，是青藏高原北缘向外扩展的最新活动证据。近20a越来越多的研究使得对其认识逐渐从弱活动向强活动转变。因此，玉门断裂作为1条青藏高原北缘祁连山造山带中新生的活动断裂和褶皱带，确定它晚更新世至全新世的活动性和古地震复发周期具有重要的意义。文中通过对玉门断裂山前冲积扇面和北大河阶地的影像解译与断层陡坎的测量，以及对2条不同断层陡坎的探槽开挖工作，获得了以下几点认识：1）玉门断裂全新世以来的垂直活动速率为0.41~0.48mm/a，晚更新世晚期以来的垂直活动速率为0.24~0.30mm/a。2）玉门断裂全新世以来共发生4次古地震事件，这4次古地震分别发生在6.12~10.53ka BP、3.6~5.38ka BP、1.64~1.93ka BP和0.63~1.64ka BP。总体上表现出复发间隔逐渐缩短，活动性增强的趋势，并且每次古地震都可能造成多支断层同时破裂，形成陡坎。

关键词: 祁连山, 玉门断裂, 活动速率, 古地震

Abstract:

The Yumen Fault lies on the west segment of the north Qilian Fault belt and adjacent to the Altyn-Tagh Fault,in the north margin of the Tibet Plateau.The tectonic location of the Yumen fault is special,and the fault is the evidence of recent activity of the northward growth of Tibetan plateau.In recent twenty years,many researches show the activity of the Yumen Fault became stronger from the early Pleistocene to the Holocene.Because the Yumen Fault is a new active fault and fold belt in the Qilian orogenic belt in the north margin of the Tibet Plateau,it is important to ascertain its slip rate and the recurrence interval of paleoearthquakes since the Late Pleistocene.Using the satellite image interpretation of the Beida river terrace,the GPS measurement of alluvial fans in front of the Yumen Fault and the trench excavation on the fault scarps,two conclusions are obtained in this paper.(1) The vertical slip rate of the Yumen Fault is about 0.41~0.48mm/a in the Holocene and about 0.24~0.30mm/a in the last stage of the late Pleistocene.(2) Since the Holocene epoch,four paleoearthquakes,which happened respectively in 6.12~10.53ka,3.6~5.38ka,1.64~1.93ka and 0.63~1.64ka,ruptured the surface scarps of the Yumen Fault.Overall,the recurrence interval of the paleoseismic events shortens gradually and the activity of the Yumen Fault becomes stronger since the Holocene.Anther characteristic is that every paleoearthquake probably ruptured multiple fault scarps at the same time.

Key words: Qilian Mountains, Yumen Fault, slip rate, paleoearthquake

中图分类号:

P315.2

李安, 王晓先, 张世民, 陈志丹, 刘睿, 赵俊香, 吕延武. 祁连山北缘玉门断裂晚更新世以来的活动速率及古地震[J]. 地震地质, 2016, 38(4): 897-910.

LI An, WANG Xiao-xian, ZHANG Shi-min, CHEN Zhi-dan, LIU Rui, ZHAO Jun-xiang, LÜ Yan-wu. THE SLIP RATE AND PALEOEARTHQUAKES OF THE YUMEN FAULT IN THE NORTHERN QILIAN MOUNTAINS SINCE THE LATE PLEISTOCENE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2016, 38(4): 897-910.

参考文献

陈柏林, 刘建生, 张永双, 等. 2005. 玉门断裂全新世活动特征及其与玉门地震的关系［J］. 地质论评, 51(2):138-142.
CHEN Bai-lin, LIU Jian-sheng, ZHANG Yong-shuang, et al. 2005. Activity of the Yumen Fault during the Holocene and its relation to the Yumen earthquake［J］. Geological Review, 51(2):138-142(in Chinese).
陈柏林, 王春宇, 宫玉良. 2008a. 河西走廊盆地西段玉门断裂晚新生代的活动特征［J］. 地质通报, 27(10):1709-1719.
CHEN Bai-lin, WANG Chun-yu, GONG Yu-liang. 2008a. Late Cenozoic activity of the Yumen Fault in the western segment of the Hexi Corridor, NW China［J］. Geological Bulletin of China, 27(10):1709-1719(in Chinese).
陈柏林, 王春宇, 崔玲玲, 等. 2008b. 祁连山北缘-河西走廊西段晚新生代逆冲推覆断裂发育模式［J］. 地学前缘, 15(6):260-277.
CHEN Bai-lin, WANG Chun-yu, CUI Ling-ling, et al. 2008b. Developing model of thrust fault system in western part of northern Qilian Mountains margin-Hexi Corridor Basin during late Quaternary［J］. Earth Science Frontiers, 15(6):260-277(in Chinese).
陈杰, 卢演俦, 丁国瑜. 1995. 祁连山西段及酒西盆地地区第四纪构造运动的阶段划分［J］. 第四纪研究, 3:263-271.
CHEN Jie, LU Yan-chou, DING Guo-yu. 1995. Stages of Quaternary tectonic movement in west Qilianshan Mountains and Jiuxi Basin［J］. Quaternary Sciences, 3:263-271(in Chinese).
陈文彬, 刘百篪, 徐锡伟, 等. 1999. 祁连山西段玉门断裂晚第四纪活动特征及相关问题的讨论［J］. 西北地震学报, 21(4):389-394.
CHEN Wen-bin, LIU Bai-chi, XU Xi-wei, et al. 1999. Activity of the Yumen Fault, western Qilian Mountains during late Quaternary and its implication to regional tectonic movements［J］. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 21(4):389-394(in Chinese).
方小敏, 赵志军, 李吉均, 等. 2004. 祁连山北缘老君庙背斜晚新生代磁性地层与高原北部隆升［J］. 中国科学(D辑), 34(2):97-106.
FANG Xiao-min, ZHAO Zhi-jun, LI Ji-jun, et al. 2005. Magnetostratigraphy of the late Cenozoic Laojunmiao anticline in the northern Qilian Mountains and its implications for the northern Tibetan plateau uplift［J］. Science in China(Ser D), 48(7):1040-1051.
傅开道, 高军平, 方小敏, 等. 2001. 祁连山区中西段沉积物粒径和青藏高原隆升关系模型［J］. 中国科学(D辑), 31(增刊):169-174.
FU Kai-dao, GAO Jun-ping, FANG Xiao-min, et al. 2001. Relationship model of sediment grain size and Tibetan plateau uplift in middle-west parts of Qilian Mountain［J］. Science in China(Ser D), 44(S1):210-217.
国家地震局地质研究所, 国家地震局兰州地震研究所. 1993. 祁连山-河西走廊活动断裂系［M］. 北京:地震出版社.
The Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, State Seismological Bureau. 1993. Active Faults in Qilian Mountain and Hexi Corridor［M］. Seismological Press, Beijing(in Chinese).
黄华芳, 郑国东, 方国庆, 等. 1993. 酒西盆地南缘推覆构造及其含油领域［J］. 石油与天然气地质, 14(3):181-190.
HUANG Hua-fang, ZHENG Guo-dong, FANG Guo-qing, et al. 1993. Nappe structures in south margin of Jiuxi Basin and its oil-bearing areas［J］. Oil and Gas Geology, 14(3):181-190(in Chinese).
李吉均, 方小敏, 马海洲, 等. 1996. 晚新生代黄河上游地貌演化与青藏高原隆起［J］. 中国科学(D辑), 26(4):316-322.
LI Ji-jun, FANG Xiao-min, MA Hai-zhou, et al. 1996. Geomorphological and environmental evolution in the upper reaches of the Yellow River during the late Cenozoic［J］. Science in China(Ser D), 39(4):380-390.
罗浩, 何文贵, 王定伟, 等. 2013. 祁连山昌马断裂晚更新世滑动速率［J］. 地震地质, 35(4):765-777. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2013.04.007.
LUO Hao, HE Wen-gui, WANG Ding-wei, et al. 2013. Study on the slip rate of Changma Fault in Qilian Mountains since late Pleistocene［J］. Seismology and Geology, 35(4):765-777(in Chinese).
闵伟, 张培震, 何文贵, 等. 2002. 酒西盆地断层活动特征及古地震研究［J］. 地震地质, 24(1):35-44.
MIN Wei, ZHANG Pei-zhen, HE Wen-gui, et al. 2002. Research on the active faults and paleoearthquakes in the western Jiuquan Basin［J］. Seismology and Geology, 24(1):35-44(in Chinese).
冉波, 李亚林, 朱利东, 等. 2013. 青藏高原北缘新生代早期构造运动:来自酒西盆地始新世-渐新世的沉积学约束［J］. 岩石学报, 29(3):1027-1038.
RAN Bo, LI Ya-lin, ZHU Li-dong, et al. 2013. Early tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau:Constraints from the sedimentary evidences in the Eocene-Oligocene of the Jiuxi Basin［J］. Acta Petrologica Sincia, 29(3):1027-1038(in Chinese).
宋春晖, 方小敏, 李吉均, 等. 2001. 青藏高原北缘酒西盆地13Ma以来沉积演化与构造隆升［J］. 中国科学(D辑), 31(增刊):155-162.
SONG Chun-hui, FANG Xiao-min, LI Ji-jun, et al. 2001. Tectonic uplift and sedimentary evolution of the Jiuxi Basin in the northern margin of the Tibetan plateau since 13 Ma BP［J］. Science in China(Ser D), 44(Suppl):192-202.
宋廷光. 1989. 酒西盆地老君庙逆冲断裂带及演化［J］. 石油与天然气地质, 10(1):75-82.
SONG Ting-guang. 1989. Laojunmiao thrust belt in Jiuxi Basin and its evolution［J］. Oil and Gas Geology, 10(1):75-82(in Chinese).
谭利华, 杨景春, 段烽军. 1998. 河西走廊新生代构造运动的阶段划分［J］. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 34(4):523-532. doi:10.13209/j.0479-8023.1998.036.
TAN Li-hua, YANG Jing-chun, DUAN Feng-jun. 1998. Stages of Cenozoic tectonic movement in Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province［J］. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 34(4):523-532.
杨景春, 谭利华, 李有利, 等. 1998. 祁连山北麓河流阶地与新构造演化［J］. 第四纪研究, 3:229-237.
YANG Jing-chun, TAN Li-hua, LI You-li, et al. 1998. River terraces and neotectonic evolution at north margin of the Qilianshan Mountains［J］. Quaternary Sciences, 3:229-237(in Chinese).
尹崇军, 曾佐勋, 潘良云, 等. 2007. 酒泉盆地南缘老君庙构造带构造特征及油气勘探方向［J］. 石油地质, 3:22-27.
YIN Chong-jun, ZENG Zuo-xun, PAN Liang-yun, et al. 2007. The geological characteristic of Laojunmiao structure belt and the oil-gas exploration［J］. Petroleum Geology, 3:22-27(in Chinese).
尹光华, 蒋靖祥, 朱令人, 等, 2002. 阿尔金断裂乌尊硝段的现今活动速率［J］. 大地测量与地球动力学, 22(3):52-55.
YIN Guang-hua, JIANG Jing-xiang, ZHU Ling-ren, et al. 2002. Present-day motion velocity of Wuzunxiao segment of Altyn Tagh Fault［J］. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 22(3):52-55(in Chinese).
王峰, 徐锡伟, 郑荣章. 2004. 用阶地测量方法探讨阿尔金断裂中段全新世滑动速率［J］. 地震地质, 26(1):62-70.
WANG Feng, XU Xi-wei, ZHENG Rong-zhang. 2004. Study on Holocene strike-slip rates of the middle Altyn-Tagh Fault by terraces offset measurement［J］. Seismology and Geology, 26(1):62-70(in Chinese).
Burbank D W, Reynolds G H. 1984. Sequential late Cenozoic structural disruption of the northern Himalayan foredeep［J］. Nature, 311:114-118.
Coleman M. 1995. Evidence for Tibetan uplift before 14Ma age from a new minimum age for east-west extension［J］. Nature, 374:49-52.
Fang X M, Garzione C, Van der Voo R, et al. 2003. Flexural subsidence by 29Ma on the NE edge of Tibet from the magnetostratigraphy of Linxia Basin, China［J］. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 210(3-4):545-560.
Harrson T M, Copeland P, Kidd W S F, et al. 1992. Raising Tibet［J］. Science, 255(5052):1663-1670.
Hetzel R. 2013. Active faulting, mountain growth, and erosion at the margins of the Tibetan plateau constrained by in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides［J］. Tectonophysics, 582:1-24.
Hetzel R, Niedermann S, Tao M X, et al. 2006. Climatic versus tectonic control on river incision at the margin of NE Tibet:¹⁰ Be exposure dating of river terraces at the mountain front of the Qilian Shan［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111:F03012. doi:10.1029/2005JF000352.
Li Y L, Yang J C, Tan L H, et al. 1999. Impact of tectonics on alluvial landforms in the Hexi Corridor, Northwest China［J］. Geomorphology, 28(3-4):299-308.
Meyer B, Tapponnier P, Bourjot L, et al. 1998. Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai, lithospheric mantle subduction, and oblique, strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau［J］. Geophysical Journal International, 135(1):1-47.
Tapponnier P, Xu Z, Roger F, et al. 2001. Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau［J］. Science, 294:1671-1677.
Zheng H B, Powell C M, An Z S, et al. 2000. Pliocene uplift of the northern Tibetan plateau［J］. Geology, 28(8):715-718.

[1]	刘庆, 刘韶, 张世民. 大凉山断裂带中段越西断裂晚第四纪古地震[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 321-337.
[2]	杨晨艺, 李晓妮, 冯希杰, 黄引弟, 裴跟弟. 秦岭北缘断裂带的重要分支——桃川-户县断层的浅部结构与第四纪活动性[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 464-483.
[3]	李安, 万波, 王晓先, 计昊旻, 索锐. 金州断裂盖州北鞍山段古地震破裂的新证据[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(1): 111-126.
[4]	郑海刚, 姚大全, 赵朋, 杨源源, 黄金水. 郯庐断裂带赤山段全新世新活动的特征[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(1): 127-138.
[5]	原浩东, 李安, 黄伟亮, 胡宗凯, 左玉琦, 杨晓平. 西准噶尔地区托里断裂晚第四纪构造变形[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(1): 49-66.
[6]	杨源源, 李鹏飞, 路硕, 疏鹏, 潘浩波, 方良好, 郑海刚, 赵朋, 郑颖平, 姚大全. 郯庐断裂带中段F₅断裂淮河-女山湖段的古地震与垂直滑动速率[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(6): 1365-1383.
[7]	石文芳, 徐伟, 尹金辉, 郑勇刚. 秦岭北缘古地震基岩崩塌和滑坡施密特锤暴露年龄[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(6): 1384-1402.
[8]	刘兴旺, 袁道阳, 姚赟胜, 邹小波. 三危山断裂敦煌段古地震活动特征[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(6): 1398-1411.
[9]	常祖峰, 常昊, 李鉴林, 毛泽斌, 臧阳. 维西-乔后断裂全新世活动与古地震[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(4): 881-898.
[10]	董金元, 李传友, 郑文俊, 李涛, 李新男, 任光雪, 罗全星. 柴达木盆地北缘石底泉背斜构造地貌特征及地质意义[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(3): 521-539.
[11]	冯嘉辉, 陈立春, 王虎, 刘姣, 韩明明, 李彦宝, 高帅坡, 卢丽莉. 大凉山断裂带北段石棉断裂的古地震[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(1): 53-71.
[12]	姚生海, 盖海龙, 殷翔, 刘炜, 张加庆, 袁建新. 柴达木盆地北缘断裂(锡铁山段)的构造地貌特征与晚第四纪活动速率[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(6): 1385-1400.
[13]	马骏, 周本刚, 王明明, 安力科. 鲜水河断裂带折多塘断裂西北段全新世活动的地质地貌依据[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(5): 1021-1038.
[14]	张玲, 杨晓平, 李胜强, 黄伟亮, 杨海波. 秋里塔格褶皱带东段探槽的古地震事件[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(5): 1039-1057.
[15]	黄帅堂, 胡伟华, 杨攀新, 李帅, 伊力亚尔. 东天山唐巴勒-塔斯墩断裂带晚第四纪活动特征[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(5): 1058-1071.