2020年7月12日河北唐山5.1级地震发震断层判定及其区域构造意义

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2024.05.001

地震地质 ›› 2024, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 993-1011.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2024.05.001

2020年7月12日河北唐山5.1级地震发震断层判定及其区域构造意义

曹筠¹⁾(), 周依¹⁾^,^*(), 高晨¹⁾, 刘书峰¹^,²⁾, 陈安¹^,³⁾, 张素欣¹⁾, 冯向东¹⁾, 吴鹏¹⁾, 陈肇东¹⁾

¹⁾ 河北省地震局, 石家庄 050021
²⁾ 中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京 100029
³⁾ 河北工程大学, 邯郸 056038

收稿日期:2023-09-22 修回日期:2024-03-19 出版日期:2024-10-20 发布日期:2024-11-22
通讯作者: *周依, 女, 1991年生, 工程师, 主要从事数字地震学研究, E-mail: zhouyimonday@163.com。
作者简介:
曹筠, 男, 1982年生, 正高级工程师, 主要从事活动构造长期运动习性与地震研究, E-mail: cjconan82@163.com。
基金资助:
河北省重点研发计划项目(20375404D); 河北省自然科学基金(D2021305003); 河北省地震科技星火计划重点项目(DZ2022060600011); 河北省地震科技星火计划重点项目(DZ2024052200002); 山西太原大陆裂谷动力学国家野外站开发(放)基金(NORSTY2022-03)

SEISMOGENIC FAULT OF THE TANGSHAN M_S5.1 EARTHQUAKE ON JULY 12, 2020 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL TECTONICS

CAO Jun¹⁾(), ZHOU Yi¹⁾^,^*(), GAO Chen¹⁾, LIU Shu-feng¹^,²⁾, CHEN An¹^,³⁾, ZHANG Su-xin¹⁾, FENG Xiang-dong¹⁾, WU Peng¹⁾, CHEN Zhao-dong¹⁾

¹⁾ Hebei Earthquake Agency, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
²⁾ State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
³⁾ Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China

Received:2023-09-22 Revised:2024-03-19 Online:2024-10-20 Published:2024-11-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2020年唐山古冶5.1级地震是唐山地区继1995年古冶M5.0地震以后时隔20多年发生的又一次超过5级的地震, 但有关此次地震的发震断层尚无准确判定, 这增加了唐山地区未来地震危险区域的判断难度。文中基于唐山地区的构造活动特征分析, 结合震后应急科学考察、野外地质地貌调查、区域形变场数据、震源参数和小地震重定位等资料, 综合分析得出唐山古冶地震的地表宏观震害呈NE向和NW向十字交叉形态, 震害和应力集中区域内只有NW向的抹轴峪断裂为一条中更新世断层, NE向的唐山-古冶断裂是区域最重要的全新世活动断层, 且2条共轭断层的性质与唐山古冶地震的震源参数和地震序列重定位结果具有很好的一致性。由于唐山断裂带呈右旋走滑运动且区域主压应力方向为NE—NEE, 唐山-古冶断裂在向E扩展过程中受到青龙山复背斜的阻挡, 深部资料显示青龙山复背斜是区域物性差异的分界部位, 因此综合判定唐山-古冶断裂和抹轴峪断裂为唐山古冶地震的共轭发震断层。唐山古冶地震是华北平原一次典型的中等强度走滑型地震。晚更新世晚期以来, 华北平原内的地震以走滑型为主, 这是华北克拉通对来自青藏高原向E扩展的远程效应和太平洋、菲律宾板块向W俯冲共同作用下的应变响应。

关键词: 2020年唐山古冶地震, 发震断层, 抹轴峪断裂, 区域构造

Abstract:

On July 12, 2020, a M5.1 earthquake occurred in the Guye District of Tangshan City. This earthquake is notable as the only moderate seismic event exceeding magnitude 5 in the Tangshan area over the past two decades. However, the exact seismogenic fault responsible for this earthquake remains undetermined, complicating efforts to assess future seismic risks in the region. Post-earthquake damage assessments revealed that the macroseismic damage was distributed along two primary fault zones: a long northwest(NW)trending band and a short northeast(NE)trending band. The most significant damage occurred at the intersection of these two bands. Based on the regional geological structure and stratigraphy, field surveys identified the NE-trending Tangshan-Guye fault as a Holocene-active fault, while the NW-trending Mozhouyu fault was classified as a Quaternary fault within the area of greatest damage. Analysis of Sentinel-1A InSAR time-series data revealed differential deformation along the Mozhouyu fault. Relocation results of earthquakes greater than magnitude 1.0 over the past decade in the Tangshan region showed seismic activity distributed in two primary bands. One band aligns with the NE-trending Tangshan-Guye fault, with concentrated activity at its intersection with the Mozhouyu fault. Following the M5.1 earthquake, multiple authorities determined that the focal mechanism indicated a strike-slip earthquake, with two conjugate planes oriented in the NE and NW directions. This finding is consistent with the alignments of the Tangshan-Guye and Mozhouyu faults. Through comprehensive analysis, including post-earthquake field surveys, regional deformation data, and the relocation of smaller seismic events, it was concluded that the surface damage from the Tangshan Guye earthquake followed both NE and NW orientations. Of the two intersecting faults in the damaged area, the Mozhouyu fault is a middle Pleistocene fault, while the Tangshan-Guye fault is the most significant Holocene-active fault in the region. The characteristics of these conjugate faults align with both the source parameters and relocated seismic sequences of the Tangshan Guye earthquake. The right-lateral strike-slip motion along the Tangshan fault zone, combined with regional NE—NEE-directed compressive stress, likely caused the Tangshan-Guye fault to be blocked by the Qinglongshan complex anticline during its eastward expansion. Subsurface data further indicate that the Qinglongshan complex anticline marks a boundary of regional physical property differences. Therefore, it is concluded that the Tangshan-Guye fault and the Mozhouyu fault were the conjugate seismogenic faults responsible for the M5.1 earthquake on July 12, 2020.

The Tangshan Guye earthquake is a typical moderate-intensity strike-slip event in the North China Plain. An analysis of 705 focal mechanism solutions from 2002 to 2020 indicates that most earthquakes in the region are predominantly strike-slip in nature. Historical strong earthquakes in the North China Plain also exhibit high-angle strike-slip faults as their primary seismogenic structures, a conclusion supported by extensive seismological research. A substantial body of seismic studies suggests that the failure of the North China Craton during the early Cenozoic was driven by crustal extension, resulting in the formation of listric(shovel-shaped)normal faults. However, these faults are no longer the main seismogenic structures for present-day earthquakes. Since the late Pleistocene, tectonic activity in the North China Plain has been characterized by the development of new, steeply dipping strike-slip faults, which cut through the older listric normal faults. These steep dip strike-slip faults have become the primary seismogenic structures responsible for regional seismicity. Future seismic hazard assessments in the North China Plain should focus on the activity of these steep dip faults, as they are more likely to generate significant earthquakes. This shift in tectonic stress is attributed to a combination of factors, including the eastward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau, the rigid deformation of the Ordos Block, and the westward subduction of the Pacific and Philippine plates. Since the late Pleistocene, these forces have redefined the tectonic landscape of the region, increasing the likelihood of strike-slip faulting.

Key words: 2020 Tangshan Guye earthquake, seismogenic fault, Mozhouyu Fault, Regional tectonics

曹筠, 周依, 高晨, 刘书峰, 陈安, 张素欣, 冯向东, 吴鹏, 陈肇东. 2020年7月12日河北唐山5.1级地震发震断层判定及其区域构造意义[J]. 地震地质, 2024, 46(5): 993-1011.

CAO Jun, ZHOU Yi, GAO Chen, LIU Shu-feng, CHEN An, ZHANG Su-xin, FENG Xiang-dong, WU Peng, CHEN Zhao-dong. SEISMOGENIC FAULT OF THE TANGSHAN M_S5.1 EARTHQUAKE ON JULY 12, 2020 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL TECTONICS[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(5): 993-1011.

图/表 12

图 1 唐山东北部区域地震构造图(图a据文献(闻学泽等, 2006)修订) 唐山断裂带(F1—F3): F1陡河断裂; F2唐山-巍山断裂; F3唐山-古冶断裂; F4白云山断裂; F5抹轴峪断裂; F6榛子镇断裂; F7滦县-乐亭断裂(下文均遵循该断裂符号顺序)

Fig. 1 Regional seismotectonic map of northeast Tangshan(Fig 1a is modified from WEN Xue-ze et al., 2006).

图 2 唐山古冶地震震区的主要震害

Fig. 2 Disaster of severely damaged area of Tangshan Guye earthquake.

图 3 抹轴峪断裂的新活动和地貌特征

Fig. 3 Geomorphology and activity of the Mozhouyu Fault.

图 4 白云山断裂剖面及其地质解释图

Fig. 4 Profile and geological interpretation of Baiyunshan Fault.

图 5 基于InSAR数据(2017-03—2019-03)的唐山东北部地区形变场红色区域代表靠近卫星运动, 蓝色区域代表远离卫星运动

Fig. 5 Deformation field of northeast Tangshan based on InSAR data(2017-03—2019-03).

图 6 跨抹轴峪断裂的InSAR速率剖面

Fig. 6 Deformation rate distrbution of crossing Mozhouyu fault profile.

表1 各相关机构给出的唐山古冶地震的震源参数表

Table 1 Source parameters of Tangshan Guye earthquake from different institutions

震级	节面1			节面2			震源深度/km	机构
震级	走向	倾角	滑动角	走向	倾角	滑动角	震源深度/km	机构
M_S5.1	236°	49°	-164°	135°	78°	-42°	10	CENC
M_W5.0	236°	81°	-175°	145°	85°	-9°	23	GCMT
M_S5.2	243°	75°	-177°	152°	87°	-15°	25	IGPCEA
M_S5.1	238°	74°	-168°	145°	79°	-16°	19	HBEA

图 7 唐山古冶地震区域ML≥1.0地震重新定位后的震中分布和震源深度剖面图(2010-01—2020-12)

Fig. 7 Location of relocatied earthquake with ML≥1.0 and focal depth in Tangshan Guye area(2010-01—2020-12).

图 8 青龙山复背斜周边的构造地质图

Fig. 8 Tectonic geological map around Qinglongshan anticline.

图 9 唐山古冶地震地区构造模式

Fig. 9 Tectonic model of Tangshan Guye earthquake.

图 10 华北平原区ML≥2.5地震震源机制解(2002-01—2020-12)

Fig. 10 Focal mechanism of earthquake ML≥2.5 in North China Plain(2002-01—2020-12).

表2 华北平原典型中强震的震源参数表

Table 2 Source parameters of typical moderately strong earthquake in North China Plain

地震	节面1			节面2			来源	类型
地震	走向	倾角	滑动角	走向	倾角	滑动角	来源	类型
菏泽5.9级	136°	80°	43°	225°	85°	132°	刘万琴等(1989)	SS
苍山5.2级	140°	85°		230°	85°		王志才等(1999)	SS
文安5.1级	210°	80°	-150°	114°	61°	-12°	黄建平等(2009)	SS

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2020年7月12日河北唐山5.1级地震发震断层判定及其区域构造意义

SEISMOGENIC FAULT OF THE TANGSHAN M_S5.1 EARTHQUAKE ON JULY 12, 2020 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL TECTONICS

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2020年7月12日河北唐山5.1级地震发震断层判定及其区域构造意义

SEISMOGENIC FAULT OF THE TANGSHAN MS5.1 EARTHQUAKE ON JULY 12, 2020 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL TECTONICS

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SEISMOGENIC FAULT OF THE TANGSHAN M_S5.1 EARTHQUAKE ON JULY 12, 2020 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL TECTONICS