阿尔金断裂东段的河流阶地累积位错

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2024.03.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

阿尔金断裂带是青藏高原北缘的大型左旋走滑断裂, 其东段与NW走向的祁连山逆冲断裂带斜接。文中基于无人机摄影测量技术(SfM)获得的高分辨率影像数据, 对阿尔金断裂带东段长约127km的段落开展了详细解译, 并对其中9个典型河流阶地位错点进行测量与统计。沿阿尔金断裂带向E, 晚第四纪左旋累积位移总体呈衰减趋势, 且以断裂带东侧NW走向斜接逆冲断裂或逆冲走滑断裂为界, 其累积位错量在同一断裂段内大致相当, 但相邻断裂段之间表现为阶梯状递减, 指示了斜接断裂的构造转换关系及可能的地震破裂分段作用, 为阿尔金断裂带活动性分段研究与潜在发震能力评价提供了依据。

关键词: 阿尔金断裂带, 高分辨率地形数据, 累积位移, 断错地貌构造转换

Abstract:

The Altyn Tagh fault zone is a sizeable sinistral strike-slip fault on the northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and its eastern section is obliquely connected with the northwest Qilian Mountain thrust fault zone. The left-lateral strike-slip action of the Altyn Tagh fault zone and the Qilian Mountain thrust belt constitute a structural transformation relationship. The activity behavior of this fault, especially the amount of sinistral dislocations, segmentation, and slip rate, has always been a hot topic of discussion among scholars. At present, based on geological methods and geodetic research, the slip rates of different sections of the Altyn Tagh Fault have been obtained, with a time scale ranging from tens of thousands of years to decades. The research results generally support the gradual attenuation of the slip rate of the Altyn Tagh fault zone from about 93°E to the east, indicating that its left-lateral attenuation is absorbed by a series of NW-trending thrust faults on its eastern side, and this trend has changed little for decades. The above work provides a framework for us to study the structural transformation relationship between the Altyn Tagh fault zone and the Qilian Mountains thrust belt in time and space. However, due to the limitations of previous observation points, especially the different methods of fault geomorphology measurement and dating used by various authors, there are significant differences in the obtained fault slip rates. Currently, it is not possible to analyze the segmented characteristics of the slip rate in the east section of the Altyn Tagh fault zone further and its spatial relationship with the Qilian Mountain thrust structural zone based on this. In recent years, the application of UAV aerial survey technology has allowed image data to be obtained at the centimeter to millimeter level, making the study of tectonic geomorphology more refined. Researchers can obtain the cumulative displacement or co-seismic displacement of several seismic cycles through micro-faulted landforms and reconstruct the dislocation accumulation process of active faults.

The transfixion terraces developed across the Altyn Tagh fault are mainly controlled by regional tectonic uplift and climate change, showing regional synchronization in time, which provides convenience for the comparison of regional landforms. Although there are differences in the grading standards of terraces at different sites and the dating methods are not completely consistent, the chronological sequence of the late Quaternary river terraces in the study area generally shows good consistency. From new to old, it is about 3-4ka BP, 6-8ka BP, 10-13ka BP, 20-21ka BP and 40-50ka BP, which provides a research basis for our subsequent comparison of the displacement amount of river terraces. Based on the high-resolution image data obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry(SfM), this paper carried out a detailed interpretation of the 127km section of the eastern section of the Altyn fault zone and measured and counted the dislocations of different levels of risers at 9 typical river terrace dislocation points. Based on the distribution of cumulative displacement of the same terrace, the kinematic segmentation characteristics and tectonic mechanism of the eastern section of the Altyn Tagh fault zone are discussed.

To define the displacement more accurately, we considered the following factors: 1)Usually, the riser is not a straight line but a curve formed by the free swing of the river bed; 2)Strictly speaking, a riser is a slope with a certain width, consisting of an upper edge, a lower edge, and a middle slope zone. When measuring displacement, we cannot only measure the upper edge or lower edge of the scarp but must consider it comprehensively. Based on the above prerequisites, this paper uses two envelope lines to surround the upper and lower edges of the riser and measures the distance between the corresponding envelope lines on both sides of the fault to obtain the displacement of different levels of scarp in the river terrace. Based on the above measurement methods, four dislocation values, A1-A4 and B1-B4, were obtained from the curve envelope of the upper and lower edge of the terrace scarp on both sides of the fault, respectively. After calculating the corresponding mean value, the standard deviation of the four measured values was estimated to reflect the dispersion degree of different measured values relative to the mean value, which was used as the error range of the measurement results.

The results show that the late Quaternary left-lateral cumulative displacement tends to decline along the Altyn fault zone eastward. The cumulative dislocations are roughly the same in the same fault segment, which may indicate the consistency of seismic ruptures within the segment. In addition, the dislocation amount of the same-level terrace scarp between adjacent fault segments shows a stepwise decrease, indicating the tectonic transformation relationship of the miter fault and the possible seismic rupture segmentation, which provides a basis for the active segmental research and potential earthquake-generating capacity evaluation of the Altyn fault zone. A horizontal dislocation of 2-3m occurred on the front scarp of the T1 terrace in the Gaoyangou area, indicating that the latest earthquake surface dislocation event may have occurred in the Hongliugou-Shaping section at the easternmost end of the Altyn Tagh fault zone.

Key words: Altyn Tagh Fault, High-Resolution Terrain Data, Cumulative displacement, Dislocation land form, Construction conversion

李路瑶, 丁锐, 姜大伟, 张世民. 阿尔金断裂东段的河流阶地累积位错[J]. 地震地质, 2024, 46(3): 547-569.

LI Lu-yao, DING Rui, JIANG Da-wei, ZHANG Shi-min. CUMULATIVE DISLOCATIONS OF RIVER TERRACES IN THE EASTERN SEGMENT OF THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2024, 46(3): 547-569.

图/表 15

图1 阿尔金断裂带东段及邻区主要断裂分布图 a 青藏高原周缘主要活动断裂分布图, 红色粗线条代表阿尔金断裂带, 黑色粗线为其他断裂; b 阿尔金断裂带东段及邻区主要断裂分布图, 地形底图源于地理空间数据云提供的共享数据SRTMDEM数据(分辨率为90m), 黄色三角形为本文河流阶地研究点, 白色条带状矩形代表无人机影像数据覆盖范围, 对研究区域阿尔金断裂带东段的几何分段分别为梧桐沟—石盆湾段、石盆湾—红柳沟段、红柳沟—沙坪段; c 通过无人机摄影测量技术得到的高分辨率地形数据展布, 断错地貌点具体分布如图所示

Fig. 1 Distribution of main faults in the eastern section and adjacent areas of Altyn fault zone.

图2 阶地陡坎位错测量示意图

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram for measuring the offset distance of terrace riser.

图3 骚湖泉东地貌解译图 a 骚湖泉东的高精度DEM; b 骚湖泉东的地貌解译; c 图a中的AA'剖面线; d.图a中的BB'剖面线

Fig. 3 Geomorphologic interpretation of Saohuquan East.

图4 牛毛泉西地貌解译图 a 牛毛泉西的高精度DEM; b 牛毛泉西的地貌解译; c 图a中的AA'剖面线; d 图a中的BB'剖面线

Fig. 4 Geomorphologic interpretation of Niumaoquan West.

图5 巴尔峡地貌解译图 a 巴尔峡的高精度DEM; b 巴尔峡的地貌解译; c 图a中的AA'剖面线; d 图a的中BB'剖面线

Fig. 5 Geomorphologic interpretation of Bar Gorge.

图6 阳凹大泉东地貌解译图 a 阳凹大泉东的高精度DEM; b 阳凹大泉东的地貌解译; c 图a中的AA'剖面线; d 图a中的BB'剖面线

Fig. 6 Geomorphologic interpretation of Yang’aodaquan East.

图7 三个泉沟地貌解译图 a 三个泉沟的高精度DEM; b 三个泉沟的地貌解译; c 图a中的AA'剖面线; d 图a中的BB'剖面线

Fig. 7 Geomorphologic interpretation of Sangequangou.

图8 扭芽沟地貌解译图 a 扭芽沟的高精度DEM; b 扭芽沟的地貌解译; c 图a中的AA'剖面线; d 图a中的BB'剖面线

Fig. 8 Geomorphologic interpretation of Niuyagou.

图9 二家台地貌解译图 a 二家台的高精度DEM; b 二家台的地貌解译; c 图a中的AA'剖面线; d 图a中的BB'剖面线

Fig. 9 Geomorphologic interpretation of Erjiatai.

图10 麻黄河坝地貌解译图 a 麻黄河坝的高精度DEM; b 麻黄河坝的地貌解译; c 图a中的AA'剖面线; d 图a中的BB'剖面线

Fig. 10 Geomorphologic interpretation of Mahuang River Dam.

图11 高岩沟地貌解译图 a 高岩沟的高精度DEM; b 高岩沟的地貌解译; c 图a中的AA'剖面线; d.图a中的BB'剖面线

Fig. 11 Geomorphologic interpretation of Gaoyangou.

图12 红柳沟—沙坪段冲沟位错量分布图

Fig. 12 Distribution map of channel offset in the Hongliugou Shaping section.

图13 a 冲沟位移频率分布直方图; b 累积位移概率分布图

Fig. 13 Channel offset frequency distribution histogram (a) and cumulative offset probability density distribution map (b).

表1 阿尔金断裂东段各测量点阶地陡坎位错量表(单位: m)

Table1 Measurement Results of Terrace Steep Slope dislocations at various observation points in the eastern section of the Altyn Tagh Fault(unit: m)

断裂段	梧桐沟—石盆湾段			石盆湾—红柳沟段				红柳沟—沙坪段
测量点	骚湖泉东	牛毛泉西	巴尔峡	阳凹大泉东	三个泉沟	扭芽沟	二家台	麻黄大坝	高岩沟
T0/T1									2.25±0.42 ~ 2.95±0.50
T1/T2		5.03±1.49 ~ 7.72±1.07		4.87±0.56 ~ 6.57±0.75	5.64±0.33 ~ 7.54±0.53	6.61±0.23 ~ 7.51±0.29	6.81±0.90 ~ 7.33±2.07		4.99±0.26 ~ 5.86±0.40
T2/T3	16.49±1.12 ~ 18.94±0.57	15.34±2.64 ~ 20.24±3.27	14.72±1.84 ~ 18.31±1.89		11.89±0.48 ~ 14.31±0.83	10.26±1.02 ~ 13.11±1.01			9.48±1.26 ~ 11.26±1.03
T3/T4	25.13±1.92 ~ 27.55±1.09		23.92±2.56 ~ 24.81±4.10					18.30±1.31 ~ 20.80±1.18	17.18±1.56 ~ 22.94±1.12
T4/T5							54.46±2.36 ~ 67.77±1.19

图14 阿尔金断裂东段各测量点T1/T2、 T2/T3、 T3/T4的位错量变化趋势图绿色、红色、蓝色实线分别代表T1/T2、 T2/T3、 T3/T4阶地陡坎的上、下边缘位错量变化趋势范围, 同级阶地陡坎位错量高值与低值上下误差棒范围存在重叠而错开显示。 F1大雪山北缘断裂; F2昌马断裂; F3旱峡-大黄沟断裂

Fig. 14 Trend chart of T1/T2, T2/T3, T3/T4 dislocations at each measurement point in the eastern section of the Altyn Fault.

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