结合野外考察的2022年门源MS6.9地震地表破裂带的高分七号影像特征

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2023.02.006

地震地质 ›› 2023, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2): 401-421.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2023.02.006

结合野外考察的2022年门源M_S6.9地震地表破裂带的高分七号影像特征

王辽¹⁾(), 谢虹¹^,²⁾^,^*(), 袁道阳³⁾, 李智敏⁴⁾, 薛善余¹⁾, 苏瑞欢³⁾, 文亚猛³⁾, 苏琦⁵⁾

1)中国地震局兰州地震研究所, 兰州 730000l
2)甘肃兰州地球物理国家野外科学观测研究站, 兰州 730000
3)兰州大学, 地质科学与矿产资源学院, 兰州 730000
4)青海省地震局, 西宁 810001
5)北京师范大学珠海校区, 文理学院, 珠海 519000

修回日期:2022-09-26 出版日期:2023-04-20 发布日期:2023-05-18
通讯作者: *谢虹, 女, 1982年生, 博士, 硕士生导师, 主要从事活动构造和构造地貌研究, E-mail: xiehlz@126.com。
作者简介:王辽, 男, 1998年生, 2021年于西南大学获地理信息科学专业学士学位, 现为中国地震局兰州地震研究所构造地质学专业在读硕士研究生, 主要从事活动构造与地震地质灾害研究, E-mail: 2667274493@qq.com。
基金资助:
青海省重点研发与转化计划(2022-SF-138);国家自然科学基金(41302174);国家自然科学基金(42172227)

THE SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON THE GF-7 IMAGES INTERPRETATION AND THE FIELD INVESTIGA-TION OF THE 2022 MENYUAN M_S6.9 EARTHQUAKE

WANG Liao¹⁾(), XIE Hong¹^,²⁾^,^*(), YUAN Dao-yang³⁾, LI Zhi-min⁴⁾, XUE Shan-yu¹⁾, SU Rui-huan³⁾, WEN Ya-meng³⁾, SU Qi⁵⁾

1)Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou 730000, China
2)Lanzhou National Observatory of Geophysics, Lanzhou 730000, China
3)School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
4)Qinghai Earthquake Agency, Xining 810001, China
5)Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519000, China

Revised:2022-09-26 Online:2023-04-20 Published:2023-05-18

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2022年1月8日, 青海省门源县发生了 M_S6.9 地震。为及时全面了解地震同震地表破裂带的空间分布并准确判定发震构造, 文中通过对震后高分七号遥感影像进行解译判读, 综合野外考察核实, 获得了门源 M_S6.9 地震同震地表破裂带的展布情况, 并识别出多种典型的同震破裂地貌, 总结了多种同震地貌的影像特征。结果表明, 此次地震产生了2条主要的地表破裂带, 呈左阶斜列展布。北支主破裂带分布于冷龙岭断裂西段, 长约22km, 走向 100°N~120°E; 南支次级破裂带分布在托莱山断裂东段的局部段上, 长约4km, 走向为N90°E, 2条破裂带总长约26km; 沿破裂带形成了一系列典型左旋走滑同震地貌, 如张裂隙、张剪裂隙、挤压脊、挤压鼓包、左旋纹沟、左旋断错路基等; 在此基础上, 文中还对冷龙岭地区典型左旋地貌的累积位错进行了测量, 并与前人的测量结果作对比研究, 得到了较为准确的测量结果。文中基于高分影像对断裂沿线典型的断错地貌开展研究, 不仅可为高分七号卫星数据的地质应用积累实例, 所得结果也可为未来构造地貌研究提供强有力的数据支撑。

关键词: 2022年门源地震, 高分七号, 地表破裂特征, 冷龙岭断裂, 托莱山断裂

Abstract:

On January 8th, 2022, an M_S6.9 earthquake occurred around Menyuan County(37.77°N, 101.26°E), Qinghai Province. The epicenter is located in the northeastern part of the Tibetan plateau, where the western section of the Lenglongling Fault meets the eastern section of the Tolaishan Fault. In order to know the spatial distribution of coseismic surface rupture zone as soon as possible, and determine the seismogenic structure, the post-earthquake GF-7 remote sensing images of the Menyuan M_S6.9 earthquake were analyzed. Moreover, combining the interpretation of the GF-7 images and the field investigation, the distribution of the co-seismic surface rupture was determined and the typical coseismic landforms, and the image recognition features of various co-seismic landforms are interpreted and summarized. The results show that the earthquake produced two major surface rupture zones with a left-stepped oblique spatial arrangement. The main northern branch rupture distributes on the west side of the Lenglongling Fault, with a length of about 22km and a strike of 100°N~120°E, the secondary rupture of the southern branch distributes along the eastern section of the Tuolaishan Fault, with a length of about 4km and a strike of N90°E. The total length of the two rupture zones is about 26km.

Along the rupture zones, a series of typical left-lateral strike-slip coseismic landforms were formed, such as tensional fractures, tensional-shear fractures, pressure ridges, pressure bulges, left-lateral strike-slip gullies, as well as left-lateral strike-slip roadbeds, etc. We divided the surface rupture into six segments to conduct detailed observation and analysis, that is, the west of Daohe segment, Liuhuanggou segment, Honggou segment, Yongan River segment and Yikeshugou segment, from west to east among the main rupture zone of the north branch, as well as the secondary rupture zone of the south branch. In general, each co-seismic landform has its distinctive image characteristics, and we obtained them from the interpretation and summarization of the GF-7 images. The shear fractures located at the two ends of the main rupture and in the areas where the surface rupture is weak are zigzaggy on the remote sensing images, while the shear fractures located in the areas where the surface rupture is intense are shown as dark, wide and continuously smooth stripes; thrust scarps are represented on remote sensing images as shaded, narrow and slightly curved strips; the pressure ridges and pressure bulges exhibit black elliptical feature on the images that are parallel or at a smaller angle to the main rupture; tensional-shear fractures are displayed as black strips arranged in en echelon with a 30°~45° intersection angle with the main shear rupture, and their linear features are not as straight as those of shear ruptures yet are still distinct; the coseismic scarps formed on the ice are manifested in the images as traction bend and texture change. Based on the GF-7 images, the cumulative dislocations of typical sinistral landforms along the co-seismic surface rupture on Lenglongling Fault are interpreted and futher compared with the previous study. This is the first time of application of GF-7 to the strong earthquake geohazards monitoring since it was officially launched in August 2020. From this study, it can be seen that with its high resolution, GF-7 can be used to accurately identify faulted features. Not only it could provide information of the geometric roughness, complexity and segmentation of the fracture, but also can record clear dislocations of the landforms. The study of the GF-7 images in the 2022 Menyuan earthquake has showed that the GF-7 images can provide strong data support for the geology and geological hazard studies.

Key words: 2022 Menyuan earthquake, GF-7, co-seismic surface rupture characteristics, Lenglongling Fault, Tuolaishan Fault

中图分类号:

P315.2

王辽, 谢虹, 袁道阳, 李智敏, 薛善余, 苏瑞欢, 文亚猛, 苏琦. 结合野外考察的2022年门源M_S6.9地震地表破裂带的高分七号影像特征[J]. 地震地质, 2023, 45(2): 401-421.

WANG Liao, XIE Hong, YUAN Dao-yang, LI Zhi-min, XUE Shan-yu, SU Rui-huan, WEN Ya-meng, SU Qi. THE SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON THE GF-7 IMAGES INTERPRETATION AND THE FIELD INVESTIGA-TION OF THE 2022 MENYUAN M_S6.9 EARTHQUAKE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2023, 45(2): 401-421.

图/表 13

图1 青海门源 MS6.9 地震构造背景图图a据文献(王未来等, 2021)改编, 红色线条为活动块体边界。Ⅰ 戈壁-阿拉善地块; Ⅱ 塔里木地块; Ⅲ 柴达木地块; Ⅳ 巴颜喀拉地块; Ⅴ 羌塘地块; Ⅵ 拉萨地块; Ⅶ 喜马拉雅地块。f1西昆仑-祁连山加里东期缝合带; f2昆仑山华力西期缝合带; f3金沙江印支缝合带; f4班公湖-怒江燕山期缝合带; f5雅鲁藏布江喜马拉雅期缝合带。图b中黑色线条是全新世以来的活动断裂。F1冷龙岭断裂; F2托莱山断裂; F3肃南-祁连断裂; F4金强河断裂; F5老虎山断裂; F6天桥沟-黄羊川断裂; F7马雅雪山断裂; F8日月山断裂; F9达坂山断裂; F10民乐-大马营断裂; F11榆木山东缘断裂; F12龙首山南缘断裂。历史地震的时间为1500-2021年, MS>5.0。图c为震中附近的详细构造背景图, 地震序列的精定位结果来自文献(Fan et al., 2022)

Fig. 1 Seismogenic tectonic background map of the Menyuan MS6.9 earthquake in Qinghai Province.

表1 遥感影像参数

Table1 Remote sensing image parameters

影像获取时间	数据类型	分辨率	影像中心经纬度
2021年11月30日	GF-7	全色0.65m,多光谱2.6m	37.8°N, 101.2°E
2021年12月2日	GF-6	全色2m,多光谱8m	38.0°N, 101.6°E
2021年12月2日	GF-6	全色2m,多光谱8m	38.8°N, 101.9°E
2022年1月8日	GF-7	全色0.65m,多光谱2.6m	37.8°N, 101.3°E
2022年1月8日	GF-7	全色0.65m,多光谱2.6m	37.6°N, 101.2°E
2022年1月8日	GF-6	全色2m,多光谱8m	38.0°N, 101.0°E
2022年1月13日	GF-7	全色0.65m,多光谱2.6m	37.6°N, 101.5°E

图2 门源 MS6.9 地震的同震地表破裂带 a 基于Sentinel-2数据确定的门源地震同震地表水平位移结果(2022-01-05-2022-01-10); b 高分七号遥感影像, 分辨率为0.65m, 余震精定位数据来自文献(Fan et al., 2022)

Fig. 2 Coseismic surface rupture zone of the Mengyuan MS6.9 earthquake.

图3 道河西段的高分七号遥感影像与实地调查图片 a 道河西段部分地区的高分七号遥感影像; b 多条地表破裂展布; c 挤压脊与挤压鼓包(高0.3~0.6m); d 地震陡坎(陡坎高0.2~0.4m); e 挤压鼓包(宽3m, 高0.8m)

Fig. 3 Remote sensing images of GF-7 and field survey photos of the west of the Daohe segment.

图4 硫磺沟段的高分七号遥感影像与实地调查图片 a 硫磺沟段地区的高分七号遥感影像; b 雁列状展布的挤压鼓包和张裂隙; c “Z”字形的连续挤压隆起; d 地表栅栏位错(2.2m); e 剪切裂隙和挤压隆起(宽1.1m, 深6~7m); f 剪切裂隙(宽1.7m); g 挤压脊(高0.7m); h 道路剪切裂隙;i 道路破裂与挤压隆起(道路位错0.5m和1.2m)

Fig. 4 Remote sensing images of GF-7 and field survey photos of the Liuhuanggou segment.

图5 红沟段的高分七号遥感影像与实地调查图片 a 红沟西部地区的高分七号遥感影像; b 红沟东部地区的高分七号遥感影像; c 高铁轨道变形; d 同震地表破裂

Fig. 5 Remote sensing images of GF-7 and field survey photos of the Honggou segment.

图6 永安河段的高分七号遥感影像与实地调查图片 a 永安河段部分地区的高分七号遥感影像; b 地表破裂的次级张性破裂; c 冰面上形成的挤压鼓包与地震陡坎(陡坎高0.1~0.3m); d 砾石滩形成的挤压脊与挤压鼓包、地震陡坎(陡坎高0.3~0.5m); e 多条地表破裂

Fig. 6 Remote sensing images of GF-7 and field survey photos of the Yongan River segment.

图7 一棵树沟段的高分七号遥感影像 a 一棵树沟段部分地区的高分七号遥感影像; b 震前局部地区的高分六号遥感影像; c 震后局部地区的高分七号遥感影像

Fig. 7 Remote sensing images of GF-7 of the Yikeshugou segment.

图8 托莱山段的高分七号遥感影像与实地调查照片 a 托莱山段部分地区的高分七号遥感影像; b 地表破裂带; c 挤压脊; d 地表破裂尖灭; e 地表破裂带

Fig. 8 Remote sensing images of GF-7 and field survey photos of the Tuolaishan section.

图9 硫磺沟段典型同震地貌构造解析

Fig. 9 Structural analysis of the coseismic landform in Liuhuanggou.

图10 同震破裂地貌的细节展示 a、b 硫磺沟段的地貌细节; c、d 道河的地貌细节; e、f 道河西段的地貌细节; g、h 硫磺沟公路位错的地貌细节

Fig. 10 Detail display of coseismic rupture landform.

图11 左旋冲沟地貌的高分七号遥感影像与Google Earth影像图 a 高分七号遥感影像与左旋冲沟地貌; b、c 冲沟地貌图, 来自Google Earth

Fig. 11 Left-lateral gully landform on GF-7 remote sensing image and Google Earth image.

表2 冷龙岭断裂带的左旋地貌水平位错

Table2 Cumulative dislocation of left-lateral landform in Lenglongling fault zone

地点	地貌单元	命名	累计左旋位错/m
硫磺沟	冲沟	G1	37±1.5
硫磺沟	冲沟	G2	30±0.9
硫磺沟	冲沟	G3	42±2
硫磺沟	冲沟	G4	124±3
硫磺沟	冲沟	G5	107±4
硫磺沟	冲沟	G6	89±2.8
硫磺沟	冲沟	G7	73±1.5
红沟	冲沟	G8	40±1
红沟	山脊	G9	51±1.5
红沟	山脊	G10	165±4.4
红沟	冲沟	G11	95±1
红沟	冲沟	G12	50±2.1
红沟	冲沟	G13	86+2.5
红沟	山脊	G14	90±3
红沟	冲沟	G15	63±2.5
红沟	冲沟	G16	102±3.1
红沟	冲沟	G17	68±1.7
敖包沟	山脊	G18	111±4
敖包沟	冲沟	G19	145±3
敖包沟	冲沟	G20	97±4
敖包沟	冲沟	G21	75±2.8
下红沟	冲沟	G22	86±2.7
下红沟	冰碛	G23	99±3.5
上红沟	冰碛	G24	75±2.1

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结合野外考察的2022年门源M_S6.9地震地表破裂带的高分七号影像特征

THE SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON THE GF-7 IMAGES INTERPRETATION AND THE FIELD INVESTIGA-TION OF THE 2022 MENYUAN M_S6.9 EARTHQUAKE

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结合野外考察的2022年门源MS6.9地震地表破裂带的高分七号影像特征

THE SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON THE GF-7 IMAGES INTERPRETATION AND THE FIELD INVESTIGA-TION OF THE 2022 MENYUAN MS6.9 EARTHQUAKE

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结合野外考察的2022年门源M_S6.9地震地表破裂带的高分七号影像特征

THE SURFACE RUPTURE CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON THE GF-7 IMAGES INTERPRETATION AND THE FIELD INVESTIGA-TION OF THE 2022 MENYUAN M_S6.9 EARTHQUAKE