天山内部走滑断裂晚第四纪活动特征研究——以开都河断裂为例

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2018.05.006

地震地质 ›› 2018, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (5): 1040-1058.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2018.05.006

天山内部走滑断裂晚第四纪活动特征研究——以开都河断裂为例

黄伟亮^1,2, 杨晓平², 李胜强³, 杨海波²

1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安 710054;
2 中国地震局地质研究所, 活动构造与火山重点实验室, 北京 100029;
3 河北省地震局, 石家庄 050021

收稿日期:2017-08-28 修回日期:2018-05-17 出版日期:2018-10-20 发布日期:2018-11-29
通讯作者: 杨晓平,研究员,E-mail:yangxiaoping-1@163.com
作者简介:黄伟亮,男,1987年生,2015年于中国地震局地质研究所获构造地质学专业博士学位,现为长安大学地质工程与测绘学院讲师,主要从事活动构造与古地震、新构造与地质灾害等方面研究,电话:029-82339296,E-mail:huangweiliang@chd.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家自然基金（41602220）和长安大学中央高校基本科研业务专项（300102268101，310826161004）共同资助。

THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS IN THE TIANSHAN OROGENIC BELT: A CASE STUDY OF THE KAIDUHE FAULT

HUANG Wei-liang^1,2, YANG Xiao-ping², LI Sheng-qiang³, YANG Hai-bo²

1 College of Geological Engineering and Surveying of Chang'an University/Key Laboratory of Western China Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Xi'an 710054, China;
2 Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcano, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China;
3 Hebei Earthquake Agency, Shijiazhuang 050021, China

Received:2017-08-28 Revised:2018-05-17 Online:2018-10-20 Published:2018-11-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 天山是典型的陆内再生造山带，其内部构造变形样式复杂且多样。其中尤为显著的是多条长度长、线性良好的NW-SE和ENE-WSW的走滑断裂切割山体内部，并表现出线性笔直的槽谷型地貌景观。现今天山内部的多次强震活动与这类走滑断裂关系密切，因此精细化厘定这些断裂的活动速率和活动特征对于认识现今天山内部变形方式和变形过程具有重要的意义。文中对南天山内部1条NW-SE向右旋走滑断裂——开都河断裂的活动特征进行研究。开都河断裂起自大尤鲁都斯盆地南缘并向SE延伸，切穿南天山焉耆盆地内部，在盆地西南部形成线性连续且笔直的陡坎地貌，尤其是断层在穿过中晚更新世2期洪积扇时断错了扇体上一系列不同时代的河流冲沟，形成从3～248m不等的右旋位错量。通过利用多视角摄影测量技术沿断裂对近12km线性构造地貌进行了条带状航拍，建立了分辨率高达0.25m的数字地形数据。精确测量了22个典型右旋位错值，发现其位错峰值主要集中在3.5m、7.0m、11.8m和14.5m，总结认为开都河断裂单次地震右旋走滑位移量大致在3～4m之间。此外，利用原地宇宙成因核素深度剖面法测定断错洪积扇面的暴露年龄约为235.7ka。结合所测得的冲沟最大的右旋位移量248m，得到开都河断裂晚更新世以来最小右旋走滑速率约1mm/a。通过与天山内部其余活动构造变形速率进行对比，认为开都河断裂在调节天山内部构造变形中起到重要作用，应是天山内部主要的变形构造和应力应变积累区，未来具有发生强震的危险性。

关键词: 走滑断裂, 滑动特征, 宇宙成因核素, 三维地形模型, 天山

Abstract: As the most active intracontinental orogenic belt in the world, the Tianshan orogenic belt has complex and diverse internal structural deformation patterns, and among them, the particularly striking is the linear straight U-type valley landscapes which cut inside the mountains by multiple NW-SE and ENE-WSW strike-slip faults. Many of the modern strong earthquakes in Tianshan orogenic belt are closely related to these strike-slip faults. Therefore, it is important to elaborate the activity characteristics of these faults to understand the deformation process inside the Tianshan Mountains belt. This paper focuses on one of the NW-SE right-lateral strike-slip fault (the Kaiduhe Fault), which lies inside the southeastern Tianshan. Typical offset landforms and scarp lineaments on the western segment of the Kaiduhe Fault can be used to study the activity characteristics and strike-slip rate. In particular, the fault cuts through the late Quaternary alluvial fans and a series of river gullies were right-laterally faulted, producing dextral offsets ranging from 3 to 248m. A digital elevation model (DEM)with resolution of 0.25m was established by using multi-angle photogrammetry technique to stripe about 12km linear tectonic landforms along the Kaiduhe Fault. Geological and geomorphic mapping in DEM with 22 high-resolution dextral offset measurements reveals that the dextral offsets can be divide into four groups of 3.5m, 7.0m, 11.8m and 14.5m. It is presumed from the approximately uniformly-spaced offsets that the coseismic offset was 3~4m. In addition, the exposure age of an older alluvial fan surface was about 235.7ka by in situ ¹⁰Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide method. Combining the exposure ages and the maximum dextral offset of 248m, we found that the strike-slip rate of the Kaiduhe Fault is about 1mm/a. It is found by this study that the Kaiduhe Fault plays an important role in regulating SN compression deformation within Tianshan Mountains, and it should also be the main stress-strain accumulation area which has the risk of occurrence of strong earthquake.

Key words: strike-slip fault, slip behavior, cosmogenic nuclide dating, 3D surface modeling, Tianshan

中图分类号:

P315.2

黄伟亮, 杨晓平, 李胜强, 杨海波. 天山内部走滑断裂晚第四纪活动特征研究——以开都河断裂为例[J]. 地震地质, 2018, 40(5): 1040-1058.

HUANG Wei-liang, YANG Xiao-ping, LI Sheng-qiang, YANG Hai-bo. THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS IN THE TIANSHAN OROGENIC BELT: A CASE STUDY OF THE KAIDUHE FAULT[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2018, 40(5): 1040-1058.

参考文献

邓起东, 冯先岳, 张培震, 等. 2000. 天山活动构造［M］. 北京:地震出版社:5. DENG Qi-dong, FENG Xian-yue, ZHANG Pei-zhen, et al. 2000. Active Tectonics of the Chinese Tianshan Mountains［M］. Seismology Press, Beijing:5(in Chinese).
冯先岳. 1997. 新疆古地震［M］. 乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社:43. FENG Xian-yue. 1997. Paleoearthquakes in Xinjiang Region［M］. Xinjiang Sci-Tech and Public Health Press, Urumqi:43(in Chinese).
何宏林, 池田安隆, 宋方敏, 等. 2002. 小江断裂带第四纪晚期左旋走滑速率及其构造意义［J］. 地震地质24(1):14-26. HE Hong-lin, YASUTAKA I, SONG Fang-min, et al. 2002. Late Quaternary slip rate of the Xiaojiang Fault and its implacation［J］. Seismology and Geology, 24(1):14-26(in Chinese).
黄伟亮, 杨晓平, 李安, 等. 2015. 焉耆盆地北缘和静逆断裂-褶皱带中晚第四纪变形速率［J］. 地震地质, 37(3):675-696. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2015.03.002. HUANG Wei-liang, YANG Xiao-ping, LI An, et al. 2015. Late Pleistonce shortening rate on the northern margin of Yanqi Basin, southeastern Tian Shan, NW China［J］. Seismology and Geology, 37(3):675-696(in Chinese).
黄伟亮, 杨晓平, 李胜强, 等. 2018. 焉耆盆地北缘断裂全新世滑动速率及地震危险性［J］. 地震地质, 40(1):186-203. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2018.01.014. HUANG Wei-liang, YANG Xiao-ping, LI Sheng-qiang, et al［DK］. 2018. Holocene slip rate and earthquake hazard of the north-edge fault of the Yanqi Basin, southeastern Tian Shan, China［J］. Seismology and Geology, 40(1):186-203(in Chinese).
龙海英, 高国英, 聂晓红, 等. 2008. 北天山中东段中小地震震源机制解及应力场反演［J］. 地震, (1):93-99. LONG Hai-ying, GAO Guo-ying, NIE Xiao-hong, et al. 2008. The focal mechanism solution and stress field inversion of small and moderate earthquakes along middle-eastern part of northern Tianshan region［J］. Earthquake, (1):93-99(in Chinese).
聂晓红, 高国英. 2005. 南天山东段地震活动特征［J］. 内陆地震, 19(2):156-163. NIE Xiao-hong, GAO Guo-ying. 2005. The characteristics of seismic activity in the east of south Tianshan Mountain［J］. Inland Earthquake, 19(2):156-163(in Chinese).
宋和平. 2005. 论新疆深大断裂特征与地震的关系(1)［J］. 内陆地震, 19(3):193-202. SONG He-ping. 2005. The relationship between characteristics of deep and big faults and earthquakes in Xinjiang(1)［J］. Inland Earthquake, 19(3):193-202(in Chinese).
吴传勇. 2016. 西南天山北东东走向断裂的晚第四纪活动特征及在天山构造变形中的作用［D］. 北京:中国地震局地质研究所:118. WU Chuan-yong. 2016. Late Quaternary activity of the NEE-trending faults in the southwestern Tianshan and their role in the tectonic deformation of the Tianshan Mountains［D］. Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing:118(in Chinese).
吴传勇, 吴国栋, 沈军, 等. 2014. 那拉提断裂晚第四纪活动及其反映的天山内部构造变形［J］. 第四纪研究, 34(2):269-280.
WU Chuan-yong, WU Guo-dong, SHEN Jun, et al. 2014. The late-Quaternary activity of the Nalati Fault and its implications for the crustal deformation in the interior of the Tianshan Mountains［J］. Quaternary Sciences, 34(2):269-280(in Chinese).
武金龙. 2010. 焉耆盆地博湖坳陷八道湾组沉积特征研究［D］. 成都:成都理工大学:12-20. WU Jin-long. 2010. A study on the sedimentary characteristic of the Badaowan formation in Bohu depression of Yanqi Basin［D］. Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu:12-20(in Chinese).
肖阳, 邬光辉, 雷永良, 等. 2017. 走滑断裂带贯穿过程与发育模式的物理模拟［J］. 石油勘探与开发, 44(3):340-348. XIAO Yang, WU Guang-hui, LEI Yong-liang, et al. 2017. Analogue modeling of through-going process and development pattern of strike-slip fault zone［J］. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 44(3):340-348(in Chinese).
徐锡伟, 于贵华, 陈桂华, 等. 2007. 青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析［J］. 地震地质29(2):201-217. XU Xi-wei, YU Gui-hua, CHEN Gui-hua, et al. 2007. Near-surface character of permanent geologic deformation across the mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan plateau［J］. Seismology and Geology, 29(2):201-217(in Chinese).
杨少敏, 李杰, 王琪. 2008. GPS研究天山现今变形与断层活动［J］. 中国科学(D辑), 38(7):872-880. YANG Shao-min, LI Jie, WANG Qi. 2008. The deformation pattern and fault rate in the Tianshan Mountains inferred from GPS observations［J］. Science in China(Ser D), 38(7):872-880(in Chinese).
尹光华, 蒋靖祥, 张勇, 等. 2002. 新疆尼勒克1812年地震断层构造特征［J］. 西北地震学报, 24(2):183-186. YIN Guang-hua, JIANG Jin-xiang, ZHANG Yong, et al. 2002. The character of seismic fault of 1812 Nileke earthquake［J］. Northwestern Seismologyical Journal, 24(2):183-186(in Chinese).
张培震, 邓起东, 杨晓平, 等. 1996. 天山的晚新生代构造变形及其地球动力学问题［J］. 中国地震, 12(2):127-140. ZHANG Pei-zhen, DENG Qi-dong, YANG Xiao-ping, et al. 1996. Late Cenozoic tectonic deformation and mechanism along the Tianshan Mountain［J］. Earthquake Research in China, 12(2):127-140(in Chinese).
张培震, 李传友, 毛凤英. 2008. 河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率［J］. 地震地质, 30(1):44-57. ZHANG Pei-zhen, LI Chuan-you, MAO Feng-ying. 2008. Strath terrace formation and strike-slip faulting［J］. Seismology and Geology, 30(1):44-57(in Chinese).
周永胜, 李建国, 王绳祖. 2003. 用物理模拟实验研究走滑断裂和拉分盆地［J］. 地质力学学报9(1):1-13. ZHOU Yong-sheng, LI Jian-guo, WANG Sheng-zu. 2003. Physical experiments on strike-slip fault and pull-apart basin［J］. Journal of Geomechanics, 9(1):1-13(in Chinese).
Allen M B, Windley B F, Zhang C, et al. 1993. Evolution of the Turfan Basin, Chinese central Asia［J］. Tectonics, 12(4):889-896.
Anderson R S, Repka J L, Dick G S. 1996. Explicit treatment of inheritance in dating depositional surfaces using in situ¹⁰Be and²⁶Al［J］. Geology, 24(1):47-51.
Arrowsmith J R, Crosby C J, Korzhenkov A M, et al. 2017. Surface rupture of the 1911 Kebin(Chon-Kemin)earthquake, Northern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan［J］. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 432(1):233-253.
Avouac J P, Tapponnier P, Bai M, et al. 1993. Active thrusting and folding along the northern Tien Shan and late Cenozoic rotation of the Tarim relative to Dzungaria and Kazakhstan［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98(B4):6755-6804.
Campbell G, Walker R T, Abdrakhmatov K, et al. 2013. The Dzhungarian Fault:Late Quaternary tectonics and slip-rate of a major right-lateral strike-slip fault in the northern Tien Shan region［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 118:5681-5698.
Cording A, Hetzel R, Kober M, et al. 2014.¹⁰Be exposure dating of river terraces at the southern mountain front of the Dzungarian Alatau(SE Kazakhstan)reveals rate of thrust faulting over the past~400ka［J］. Quaternary Research, 1:168-178.
DeVecchio D E, Heermance R V, Fuchs M, et al. 2012. Climate-controlled landscape evolution in the Western Transverse Ranges, California:Insights from Quaternary geochronology of the Saugus Formation and strath terrace flights［J］. Lithosphere, 4(2):110-130.
Fonstad M A, Dietrich J T, Courville B C, et al. 2013. Topographic structure from motion:A new development in photogrammetric measurement［J］. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 38(4):421-430.
Granger D E, Riebe C S. 2007. Cosmogenic nuclides in weathering and erosion［M］//Drvor J I(ed). Surface and Ground Water, Weathering and Soils:Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam:1-42.
Gosse J C, 2012. Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide Techniques for Assessing Exposure History of Surfaces and Sediments in Active Tectonic Regions［M］//Cathy B, Antonio A(Eds), Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins:Recent Advances. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Chichester, pp:63-79.
Hidy A J, Gosse J C, Pederson J L, et al. 2010. A geologically constrained Monte Carlo approach to modeling exposure ages from profiles of cosmogenic nuclides:An example from Lees Ferry, Arizona［J］. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11(9):Q0AA10.
Ivy-Ochs S, Dühnforth M, Densmore A, et al. 2013. Dating Fan Deposits with Cosmogenic Nuclides. Dating Torrential Processes on Fans and Cones. Advances in Global Change Research［M］. Springer Netherlands:243-263.
Klinger Y, Etchebes M, Tapponnier P, et al. 2011. Characteristic slip for five great earthquakes along the Fuyun Fault in China［J］. Nature Geoscience, 4:389-392.
Lin A, Fu B, Kano K, et al. 2002. Late Quaternary right-lateral displacement along active faults in the Yanqi Basin, southeastern Tian Shan, northwest China［J］. Tectonophysics, 354(3-4):157-178.
Molnar P, Tapponnier P. 1975. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:Effects of a continental collision［J］. Science, 189(4201):419-426.
Ouchi S. 2005. Development of offset channels across the San Andreas Fault［J］. Geomorphology, 70:112-128.
Reigber C, Michel G W, Galas R, et al. 2001. New space geodetic constraints on the distribution of deformation in Central Asia［J］. Earth and Planet Science Letters, 191(1-2):157-165.
Ren Z, Zhang Z, Chen T, et al. 2016. Clustering of offsets on the Haiyuan Fault and their relationship to paleoearthquakes［J］. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 128(1-2):3-18.
Selander J, Oskin M, Ormukov C, et al. 2012. Inherited strike-slip faults as an origin for basement-cored uplifts:Example of the Kungey and Zailiskey ranges, northern Tian Shan［J］. Tectonics, 31(4):TC4026.
Stange K M, van Balen R, Carcaillet J, et al. 2013. Terrace staircase development in the Southern Pyrenees Foreland:Inferences from¹⁰Be terrace exposure ages at the Segre River［J］. Global and Planetary Change, 101(2):97-112.
Sylvester G. 1988. Strike-slip faults［J］. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100:1666-1703.
Tapponnier, P, Molnar, P. 1979. Active faulting and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan, Mongolia, and Baykal regions［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84(B7):3425-3459.
Thompson S C, Weldon R J, Rubin C M, et al. 2002. Late Quaternary slip rates across the central Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, central Asia［J］. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 107(B9):2203.
Walker M, Walker M J C. 2005. Quaternary Dating Methods［M］. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, England:77-80.
Wesnousky S. 1988. Seismological and structural evolution of strike-slip faults［J］. Nature, 335:340-343.
Westoby M J, Brasington J, Glasser N F, et al. 2012. ‘Structure-from-Motion’ photogrammetry:A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications［J］. Geomorphology, 179:300-314.
Windley B F, Allen M B, Zhang C, et al. 1990. Paleozoic accretion and Cenozoic redeformation of the Chinese Tien Shan Range, central Asia［J］. Geology, 18(2):128-131.
Zielke O, Arrowsmith J R. 2012. LaDiCaoz and LiDARimager-MATLAB GUIs for LiDAR data handling and lateral displacement measurement［J］. Geosphere, 8(1):206-221.
Zubovich A V, Wang X Q, Scherba Y G, et al. 2010. GPS velocity field for the Tien Shan and surrounding regions［J］. Tectonics, 29(6):TC6014.

[1]	蒋雨函, 高小其, 杨朋涛, 刘冬英, 孙小龙, 向阳, 朱成英, 汪成国. 新疆北天山地区断裂带断层土壤气的地球化学特征[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(6): 1597-1614.
[2]	邵延秀, 刘静, 高云鹏, 王文鑫, 姚文倩, 韩龙飞, 刘志军, 邹小波, 王焱, 李云帅, 刘璐. 同震地表破裂的位移测量与弥散变形分析——以2021年青海玛多M_W7.4地震为例[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(2): 506-523.
[3]	黄帅堂, 常想德, 马建, 胡伟华, 任静, 刘建明, 张文秀, 赖爱京. 天山北麓库松木契克山山前断裂东段断层陡坎研究[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(1): 20-34.
[4]	任光雪, 李传友, 孙凯. 天山东端喀尔里克山北缘断裂晚第四纪活动与转换挤压变形[J]. 地震地质, 2022, 44(1): 46-62.
[5]	张志斌, 梁晓峰, 周贝贝, 刘代芹, 唐明帅. 北天山中段地壳三维速度结构与地震重定位[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(5): 1292-1310.
[6]	代成龙, 张玲, 梁诗明, 张克亮, 熊小慧, 甘卫军. 中亚塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂现今的走滑速率及其分段变化特征——基于GPS观测的深究[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(2): 263-279.
[7]	张文婷, 季灵运, 朱良玉, 蒋锋云, 徐晓雪. 南天山前陆盆地的一次典型逆冲破裂事件——2020年新疆伽师6.4级地震[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(2): 394-409.
[8]	朱爽, 梁洪宝, 魏文薪, 李经纬. 天山地震带主要活动断层现今的滑动速率及其地震矩亏损[J]. 地震地质, 2021, 43(1): 249-261.
[9]	姚生海, 盖海龙, 殷翔, 刘炜, 张加庆, 袁建新. 柴达木盆地北缘断裂(锡铁山段)的构造地貌特征与晚第四纪活动速率[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(6): 1385-1400.
[10]	张玲, 杨晓平, 李胜强, 黄伟亮, 杨海波. 秋里塔格褶皱带东段探槽的古地震事件[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(5): 1039-1057.
[11]	胡宗凯, 杨晓平, 杨海波, 吴国栋, 李军, 周本刚. 北天山博罗可努-阿齐克库都克断裂精河段的古地震事件[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(4): 773-790.
[12]	王浩然, 陈杰, 李涛, 李跃华, 张博譞. 北天山前陆盆地前缘西湖背斜带第四纪褶皱作用[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(4): 791-805.
[13]	孔祥艳, 吴建平, 房立华, 蔡妍, 范莉苹, 王未来. 利用面波频散和接收函数联合反演中国境内天山及邻区的地壳上地幔速度结构[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(4): 844-865.
[14]	隗寿春, 祝意青, 赵云峰, 张松, 刘芳, 李瑞, 高铎文. 呼图壁M_S6.2地震前后重力变化特征分析[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(4): 923-935.
[15]	张志斌, 赵晓成, 任林. 新疆天山中段的震源机制解与构造应力场特征分析[J]. 地震地质, 2020, 42(3): 595-611.

天山内部走滑断裂晚第四纪活动特征研究——以开都河断裂为例

THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS IN THE TIANSHAN OROGENIC BELT: A CASE STUDY OF THE KAIDUHE FAULT

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价