2015年尼泊尔强震序列导致的喜马拉雅山峰位移场

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2017.04.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 基于2015年尼泊尔地震序列的破裂模型及均匀弹性半空间模型，计算了该地震序列导致的喜马拉雅山脉及邻区的位移场。结果表明：尼泊尔地震序列所导致的位移场呈南北两侧水平分量向震中会聚的分布形式，水平位移最大达871~962mm，并且距震中越远水平位移量越小，但震中南侧的水平位移量随震中距衰减更快。震中北侧出现了明显沉降，最大沉降量达376~474mm，大部分震中及以南区域出现了明显隆升，最大值达626~677mm。文中还估计了该地震序列导致的周围喜马拉雅山脉部分山峰的位移场，结果表明希夏邦马峰的位移最大，水平位移达393mm，下沉36mm；世界最高峰珠穆朗玛峰近S向水平移动36mm，下沉9mm；其他山峰的位移因与到尼泊尔地震序列的震中距离和方位的不同而不同。

关键词: 2015年尼泊尔地震序列, 震源破裂模型, 位移场, 珠穆朗玛峰

Abstract: Based on the rupture models of the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence and half space homogeneous elastic model, the displacement field near the epicenters is estimated. The horizontal components converge to the epicenters from north and south with maximum value of 871~962mm. The farther the epicenter distance is, the smaller of the horizontal displacement occurred. The displacement on the south side of the epicenters decreases more rapidly than that on the north side as the distance from the epicenter increased. Significant settlement occurred on the north side of the epicenters with maximum of 376~474mm, while large uplift occurred on the epicenters and its south side with maximum value of 626~677mm. Then, the displacement of the peaks of the Himalaya near the epicenters is estimated. The largest displacement occurred at the peak of Shishapangma with 393mm horizontal component and 36mm settlement. Mt. Everest, the world's highest peak, moves 36mm in nearly southward direction with 9mm settlement. The displacements of other peaks of the Himalaya are different with the epicentral distance and azimuth of the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence.

Key words: 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence, earthquake rupture model, displacement field, Mt. Everest

中图分类号:

P315.2

万永革, 靳志同, 崔华伟, 黄骥超, 李瑶, 李祥. 2015年尼泊尔强震序列导致的喜马拉雅山峰位移场[J]. 地震地质, 2017, 39(4): 699-711.

WAN Yong-ge, JIN Zhi-tong, CUI Hua-wei, HUANG Ji-chao, LI Yao, LI Xiang. STUDY ON DISPLACEMENT OF THE PEAKS OF THE HIMALAYA GENERATED BY THE 2015 NEPAL EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE[J]. SEISMOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, 2017, 39(4): 699-711.

参考文献

陈俊勇. 1975. 珠穆朗玛峰高程计算[J]. 测绘通报, (4):19-27. CHEN Jun-yong. 1975. Height determination of Qomolangma Peak[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, (4):19-27(in Chinese).
陈俊勇, 刘允诺, 张骥, 等. 1994. 珠穆朗玛峰地区的地壳运动、地壳厚度、张性冰川的探讨[J]. 测绘学报, 23(3):178-183. CHEN Jun-yong, LIU Yun-nuo, ZHANG Ji, et al. 1994. The determination for the height of Qomolangma Feng and the crustal movement in its adjacent area[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 23(3):178-183(in Chinese).
陈俊勇, 张骥, 薛璋, 等. 1996. 珠穆朗玛峰地区的地壳运动及有关问题的探讨[J]. 地球物理学报, 39(1):58-67. CHEN Jun-yong, ZHANG Ji, XUE Zhang, et al. 1996. On the crustal movement in Qumolongma Feng and its adjacent area[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 39(1):58-67(in Chinese).
陈俊勇, 张燕平, 岳建利, 等. 2006. 2005珠峰高程测定[J]. 测绘学报, 35(1):1-3. CHEN Jun-yong, ZHANG Yan-ping, YUE Jian-li, et al. 2006. 2005 Height determination of Qomolangma Feng[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 35(1):1-3(in Chinese).
国家测绘地理信息局. 2015. 尼泊尔地震致珠峰地区位移3cm "身高"无明显变化[EB/OL].(2015-06-15)[2015-06-18]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-06/15/content_2879769.htm. National Geographic Information Bureau of Surveying and Mapping. 2015. The Nepal earthquake leads to 3cm displacement and no obvious height change in Mt. Everest region[EB/OL].(2015-06-15)[2015-06-18]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-06/15/content2879769.htm (in Chinese).
单新建, 张国宏, 汪驰升, 等. 2015. 基于InSAR和GPS观测数据的尼泊尔地震发震断层特征参数联合反演研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 58(11):4266-4276. doi:10.6038/cjg20151131. SHAN Xin-jian, ZHANG Guo-hong, WANG Chi-sheng, et al. 2015. Joint inversion for the spatial fault slip distribution of the 2015 Nepal M_W7.9 earthquake based on InSAR and GPS observations[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 58(11):4266-4276(in Chinese).
沈正康, 万永革, 甘卫军, 等. 2003. 东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 46(6):786-795. SHEN Zheng-kang, WAN Yong-ge, GAN Wei-jun, et al. 2003. Viscoelastic triggering among large earthquakes along the east Kunlun fault system[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 46(6):786-795(in Chinese).
盛书中, 万永革, 蒋长胜, 等. 2015. 2015年尼泊尔M_S8.1强震对中国大陆静态应力触发影响的初探[J]. 地球物理学报, 58(5):1834-1842. SHENG Shu-zhong, WAN Yong-ge, JIANG Chang-sheng, et al. 2015. Preliminary study on the static stress triggering effects on China mainland with the 2015 Nepal M_S8.1 earthquake[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 58(5):1834-1842(in Chinese).
苏小宁, 王振, 孟国杰, 等. 2015. GPS观测的2015年尼泊尔M_S8.1地震震前应变积累及同震变形特征[J]. 科学通报, 60(22):2115-2123. doi:10.1360/N972015-00534. SU Xiao-ning, WANG Zhen, MENG Guo-jie, et al. 2015. Pre-seismic strain accumulation and co-seismic deformation of the 2015 Nepal M_S8.1 earthquake observed by GPS[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 60(22):2115-2123(in Chinese).
万永革, 沈正康, 曾跃华, 等. 2007. 青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响[J]. 地震学报, 29(2):115-129. WAN Yong-ge, SHEN Zheng-kang, ZENG Yue-hua, et al. 2007. Evolution of cumulative Coulomb failure stress in northeastern Qinghai-Xizang(Tibetan)plateau and its effect on large earthquake occurrence[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 29(2):115-129(in Chinese).
万永革, 沈正康, 曾跃华, 等. 2008. 唐山地震序列应力触发的黏弹性力学模型研究[J]. 地震学报, 30(6):581-593. WAN Yong-ge, SHEN Zheng-kang, ZENG Yue-hua, et al. 2008. Study on visco-elastic stress triggering model of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake sequence[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 30(6):581-593(in Chinese).
万永革, 盛书中, 李祥, 等. 2015. 2015年尼泊尔强震序列对中国大陆的应力影响[J]. 地球物理学报, 58(11):4277-4286. WAN Yong-ge, SHENG Shu-zhong, LI Xiang, et al. 2015. Stress influence of the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence on Chinese mainland[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 58(11):4277-4286(in Chinese).
王文颖, 杨志强, 付宗堂. 1993. GPS技术在测量喜马拉雅山地区板块运动和地壳垂直位移中的应用[J]. 西安地质学院学报, 15(1):1-9. WANG Wen-ying, YANG Zhi-qiang, FU Zong-tang. 1993. Application of the GPS technology in the survey of plate motion and crust vertical displacement in the Himalayan area[J]. Journal of Xi'an College of Geology, 15(1):1-9(in Chinese).
杨理华, 刘东生. 1974. 珠穆朗玛峰地区新构造运动[J]. 地质科学, 9(3):209-220. YANG Li-hua, LIU Dong-sheng. 1974. On the neotectonic movements in the Mt. Jolmo Lungma region[J]. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 9(3):209-220(in Chinese).
杨志强, 王文颖. 1993. 珠穆朗玛峰高程与板块构造运动问题[J]. 西安地质学院学报, 15(4):194-197. YANG Zhi-qiang, WANG Wen-ying. 1993. The elevation of the Qomolangma Peak and plate tectonics[J]. Journal of Xi'an College of Geology, 15(4):194-197(in Chinese).
张广伟, 雷建设. 2015. 2015尼泊尔M_S8.1地震中等余震震源机制研究[J]. 地球物理学报, 58(11):4298-4304. ZHANG Guang-wei, LEI Jian-she. 2015. Focal mechanism solutions of moderate-sized aftershocks of the 2015 M_S8.1 Nepal earthquake[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 58(11):4298-4304(in Chinese).
张勇, 陈运泰. 2015a. 2015年5月12日M_S7.5地震[EB/OL].[2015-06-04]. http://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/tpxw/272218.shtml. ZHANG Yong, CHEN Yun-tai. 2015a. M_S7.5 earthquake on May 12, 2015[EB/OL].[2015-06-04]. http://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/tpxw/272218.shtml (in Chinese).
张勇, 许力生, 陈运泰. 2015b. 2015年尼泊尔M_W7.9地震破裂过程:快速反演与初步联合反演[J]. 地球物理学报, 58(5):1804-1811. ZHANG Yong, XU Li-sheng, CHEN Yun-tai. 2015b. Rupture process of the 2015 Nepal M_W7.9 earthquake:Fast inversion and preliminary joint inversion[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 58(5):1804-1811(in Chinese).
赵希涛. 1975. 喜马拉雅山脉近期上升的探讨[J]. 地质科学, 10(3):243-252. ZHAO Xi-tao. 1975. On the recent uplift of the Himalayas[J]. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 10(3):243-252(in Chinese).
朱亮. 1976. 珠穆朗玛峰高程测定[J]. 中国科学, (1):74-84. ZHU Liang. 1976. Height determination of Qomolangma peak[J]. Science in China, (1):74-84(in Chinese).
Bai L, Liu H B, Ritsema J, et al. 2016. Faulting structure above the Main Himalayan Thrust as shown by relocated aftershocks of the 2015 M_W7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(2):637-642.
Chinnery M A. 1961. The deformation of the ground around surface faults[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 51(3):355-372.
Denolle M A, Fan W Y, Shearer P M. 2015. Dynamics of the 2015 M7.8 Nepal earthquake[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 42(18):7467-7475.
Hayes G. 2015a. Updated finite fault results for the Apr 25, 2015 M_W7.9 35km E of Lamjung, Nepal earthquake(Version 2)[EB/OL].[2015-05-16]. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20002926#scientific_finitefault.
Hayes G. 2015b. Updated finite fault results for the May 12, 2015 M_W7.3 22km SE of Zham, China earthquake(Version 2)[EB/OL].[2015-05-16]. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us20002ejl#scientific_finitefault.
Holt W E, Li M, Haines A J. 1995. Earthquake strain rates and instantaneous relative motions within central and eastern Asia[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 122(2):569-593.
Liang S M, Gan W J, Shen C Z, et al. 2013. Three-dimensional velocity field of present-day crustal motion of the Tibetan plateau derived from GPS measurements[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 118(10):5722-5732.
Love A E H. 1927. Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity[M]. 4th ed. Dover, New York:643.
Mindlin R D. 1936. Force at a point in the interior of a semi-infinite solid[J]. Physics, 7(5):195-202.
Okada Y. 1992. Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 82(2):1018-1040.
Press F. 1965. Displacements, strains, and tilts at teleseismic distances[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 70(10):2395-2412.
Sato R, Matsu'ura M. 1974. Strains and tilts on the surface of a semi-infinite medium[J]. Journal of Physics of the Earth, 22(2):213-221.
Steketee J A. 1958. On Volterra's dislocations in a semi-infinite elastic medium[J]. Canadian Journal of Physics, 36(2):192-205.
Wang R J, Martí'n F L, Roth F. 2003. Computation of deformation induced by earthquakes in a multi-layered elastic crust-FORTRAN programs EDGRN/EDCMP[J]. Computers & Geosciences, 29(2):195-207.
Wells D L, Coppersmith K J. 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(4):974-1002.
Wessel P, Smith W H F. 1995. New version of the generic mapping tools[J]. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 76(33):329.

[1]	靳志同, 万永革, 黄骥超, 李祥, 张珊珊. 2015年新疆皮山M_W6.4地震对周围地区的静态应力影响[J]. 地震地质, 2017, 39(5): 1017-1029.
[2]	万永革, 靳志同, 崔华伟, 黄骥超, 盛书中, 张珊珊, 李翠芹. 2015年12月25日山东平邑塌陷事件产生的位移场与应力场[J]. 地震地质, 2017, 39(1): 81-91.
[3]	尹京苑, 刘岚, 王华林, 李成范. 日本3·11大地震对郯庐断裂带(中南段)位移场影响的数值模拟研究[J]. 地震地质, 2015, 37(3): 928-938.